This is a selection of entries from the Byzantine encyclopaedia known as the Suda, in English translation. These entries are mainly concerned with grammarians, rhetoricians and sophists; but some other, more or less related, items are also included.
It should be noted that the contents of this site represent work-in-progress. The translations presented here are drafts, and the annotation is uneven and incomplete. The material will be revised for inclusion in the larger on-line Suda project.
Notes:
[[1]] The rhetorical work is cited RG 7.203.10 Walz. The identification of the historical works with those of RE Abas (11) = FGrH 46 has been questioned.
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[A97] Habron, of Phrygia or Rhodes.[[1]] Grammarian. A pupil of Tryphon;[[2]] he was a sophist in Rome. He was of servile parentage, as Hermippus[[3]] says.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Habron (4); OCD3 Habron.
[[2]] [T1115] Tryphon.
[[3]] [E3045] Hermippus.
Bibliography:
R. Berndt 'Die Fragmente des Grammatikers Habron' BPW 35 (1915) 1452-5
J. Christes Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im Antiken Rom (Wiesbaden 1979) 92-3
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[A311] agorethen. From the agora.
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[A312] agoren. Assembly.
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[A313] agoretai. Advisers; wise men.
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[A314] agos. Pollution; or elbow.[[1]] What is honourable and worthy of reverence is also called agos; hence priesthoods are called all-holy [panageis], and a number of other things. Thucydides: The Spartans sent envoys to Athens demanding the expulsion of the goddess's curse [agos]. It was that against Cylon, the ancient Athenian Olympic victor. And they banished the accursed [enageis].[[2]] But agos oxytone, 'leader'.
Notes:
[[1]] A mistake (perhaps by confusion with the following entry, where the same word, ankon, is translated 'embrace').
[[2]] Thucydides 1.126.
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[A315] agosto(i). In the embrace. In the epigrams: 'you did not go unnoticed by the Graces nor by joyful Academe, in whose embrace I tell all comers of your beneficence'.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Greek Anthology 6.144.2-4.
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[A316] agousan. Being equal in weight. 'So having prepared a golden Victory, equal in weight [agousan] to 10,000 gold coins, he sent ambassadors to Rome to convey it to the people.'[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Diodorus Siculus 33.28a
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[A317] The thieves are keeping festival. The expression is charming and very witty, in accordance with the charm of comedy. It signifies those who steal with impunity.
Notes:
[[1]] Cratinus fr. 356 KA.
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[A318] {ago. Takes the accusative.}
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[A319] agogeus. The person who introduces a law-suit; the prosecutor. And agogeus, thong. And agogei, with a rein, by which horses are guided.
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[A320] agoge. The transportation of anything, which is also known as 'conveying' [parakomizein]; as one speaks of the transportation of grain or wine.
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[A322] agogion. The load carried on a wagon. Thus Xenophon.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Xenophon Cyropaedia 6.1.54-55.
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[A323] agogimon and agogimos. Taking, being taken, being carried. And agogimon, cargoes of merchandise. 'Keeping the merchants themselves safe from harm, and their cargoes [agogima].'
Sources: Aelian fr. 192.
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[A325] agogaios. In the epigrams: 'and a dog-leash for leading [agogaios]'.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Greek Anthology 6.35.5.
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[A326] agomenos. Admired. But agomenos being carried.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Distinguishing the form with omicron.
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[A327] agon. Training with a view to competitions [agonas]. Homer: the actual place where the competition takes place.[[1]] Thucydides, book 5: he came into the arena [agona] and placed a garland on the head of his charioteer.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] Homer Iliad 23.258 etc.
[[2]] Thucydides 5.50.4.
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[A329] angones. Spears native to the Franks.
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[A330] agonia(i). Xenophon, in the sense 'contest' [agon].[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Xenophon Cyropaedia 2.3.16.
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[A331] agonian. Isocrates, for 'to contest' [agonizesthai].[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Isocrates Panegyricus 91 etc.
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[A332] agonios. Someone in a competition. Demine, agonia: fear. But agonia with a short 'o', barrenness.
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[A335] Agonis. The name of a prostitute.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Alexis wrote a comedy entitled Agonis or Hippiscus: Arnott (1996) 51-70.
Bibliography:
W.G. Arnott Alexis: the Fragments (Cambridge 1996)
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[A337] agonon choon. (It has two syllables.) Of funeral games.
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[A338] agonothetes. The organiser of theatrical competitions; but athlothetes, the organiser of athletic competitions.
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[A339] Agra. A temple of Demeter outside the city, near the Ilissus.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] More accurately, Agrae: Pausanias 1.19.6.
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[A340] agnaptotatos batos auos. Applied to someone harsh and obstinate by temperament.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] This entry duplicates [A273].
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[A528] Hadrian.[[1]] Sophist. A pupil of Herodes;[[2]] floruit under Marcus Antoninus; as a teacher he was a rival to the rhetor Aristides[[3]] in Athens. He was also sophist in Rome, and was secretary with responsibility for correspondence under Commodus. Declamations; Metamorphoses (7 books); On Types of Style (5 books); On Distinctive Features in the Issues (3 books); letters and epideictic speeches; Phalaris; Consolation to Celer.
Notes:
[[1]] Hadrian (or Adrian) of Tyre: RE Hadrianos (1); OCD3 Adrianus; PIR2 H4; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.10.
[[2]] [H545] Herodes.
[[3]] [A3902] Aristides.
Bibliography:
S. Rothe Kommentar zu ausgewahlten Sophistenviten des Philostratos (Heidelberg 1988) 87-126.
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[A731] Athenaeus, of Naucratis.[[1]] Grammarian. Lived in the time of Marcus. He wrote a book with the title Deipnosophists, in which he records how many of the ancients had a reputation for munificence in giving banquets.[[2]] Alexander the Great, after that naval victory over the Spartans and after he had fortified the Peiraeus, sacrificed a hecatomb and feasted all the Athenians.[[3]] And after his Olympic victory Alcibiades gave a feast for the whole festival. Leophron did the same at the Olympic games. Empedocles of Acragas, being a Pythagorean and an abstainer from animal food, when he won an Olympic victory made an ox out of incense, myrrh and expensive perfumes and divided it among those who came to the festival. Ion of Chios, when he won a victory in the tragic competition at Athens, gave every Athenian a jar of Chian wine. Tellias of Acragas, a hospitable man, when 500 horsemen were billeted with him during the winter, gave each of them a cloak and tunic. Charmus of Syracuse used to utter little verses and proverbs for every one of the dishes served at his banquets. Clearchus of Soli calls the poem[[4]] Deipnology, others Opsology, Chrysippus Gastronomy, others The Life of Luxury [hedupatheia]. In Plato's symposium there were 28 diners.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Athenaios (22); NP Athenaios (3); OCD3 Athenaeus (1).
[[2]] What follows is excerpted from Athenaeus 1 (3d-4a, 4e).
[[3]] Two of Athenaeus' examples have been run together here: the 'naval victory over the Spartans' refers to Conon's victory at Cnidus (394 BC).
[[4]] Archestratus of Gela's Hedupatheia.
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[A734] Athenodorus. This man was an Athenian soldier.[[1]]
[b] There is also another, a pupil of Dionysius the Areopagite;[[2]] he wrote various works.
[c] Also another sophist; brother of Gregory Thaumaturgus.[[3]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Athenodoros (2); NP Athenodoros (1).
[[2]] [D1170] Dionysius; but there is no reference there to Athenodorus.
[[3]] Cf. [G452] Gregory. Gregory and Athenodorus are also mentioned in the article on [W182] Origen.
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[A784] Acacius.[[1]] An extremely eloquent rhetor in the time of Julian[[2]] and the sophist Libanius.[[3]] He attacked Julian and found fault with his judgements, along with Tuscianus of Phrygia, himself an eloquent rhetor.[[4]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Akakios (3); NP Akakios (1); PLRE I Acacius (6); O. Seeck Die Briefe des Libanios (Leipzig 1906) 37, 39-43 (Akakios II); Eunapius Lives of the Sophists 496.
[[2]] [I437] Julian.
[[3]] [L486] Libanius.
[[4]] [T835] Tuscianus.
Bibliography:
T.M. Banchich 'Eunapius in Athens' Phoenix 50 (1996) 304-11
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[A943] Acusilaus.[[1]] An Athenian, son of Agathocleia. He acquired a passionate enthusiasm for oratory in Athens, went to Rome under Galba and devoted himself to rhetorical discourse. From the interest earned on his business dealings, on his death he left 120,000 drachmas to the Athenians.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Akusilaos (4).
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[A1002] akrothinia: The first-fruits of the annual crops; in the strict sense the term akrothinia is applied to the first-fruits which traders dedicate, because they are saved from the sand [apo tou thinos], i.e. from the sea-shore. Others say they are the spoils of war, since many people are spoiled [sinesthai], i.e. harmed, in war. Or the tops of heaps. Or plunder.
[b] Heraclides of Lycia, the sophist, said: 'Nicetes purified', unaware that he was fitting the spoils of the Pygmies onto a colossus.[[2]] {The proverb 'fitting the spoils of the Pygmies onto a colossus': with reference to people who labour in vain.}
Notes:
[[1]] Cf. [H462] Heraclides; [N387] Nicetes.
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[A1042] Aquila. Grammarian, musician.
Notes:
[[1]] Otherwise unattested (unless he is the grammarian mentioned in Libanius' Letters: cf. PLRE I Aquila (2)).
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[A1127] Alexander, of Aetolia,[[1]] from the city of Pleuron; son of Satyrus and Stratocleia. Grammarian. He also wrote tragedies, and was consequently selected as one of the seven tragedians who were nicknamed the 'Pleiad'.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Alexandros (84); NP Alexandros (21); OCD3 Alexander (8); TrGF 101.
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[A1128] Alexander, of Aegae.[[1]] Peripatetic philosopher; teacher of the emperor Nero, along with the philosopher Chaeremon.[[2]] He had a son called Caelinus. He used to call Nero 'clay mixed with blood'. In my view, bad pupils have worse teachers; for virtue is teachable, vice comes from practice.
[b] There is also another Alexander, of Aphrodisias, a philosopher.[[3]]
[c] And another, son of Numenius, a sophist.[[4]]
[d] And another, surnamed Claudius, a sophist.[[5]]
[e] And another, son of Casilon,[[6]] a sophist, brother of the sophist Eusebius[[7]] and a pupil of Julian.[[8]]
[f] And another Alexander, son of Alexander the legal advocate, a Cilician from Seleucia, a sophist, nicknamed Peloplaton.[[9]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Alexandros (92).
[[2]] RE Chairemon (7); NP Chairemon (2); OCD3 Chaeremon (2); FGrH 618.
[[3]] RE Alexandros (94); NP Alexandros (26); OCD3 Alexander (14).
[[4]] RE Alexandros (96); NP Alexandros (25); OCD3 Alexander (12). For Numenius see [N518].
[[5]] His commentary on Demosthenes is attested: see Maehler (1974).
[[6]] PLRE I Alexander (8); not otherwise attested. For the father Casilon (RE Suppl. I, Claudius (100a); PLRE I Casilon) see K. Latte Lexica Graeca Minora (Hildesheim 1965) 243-4 ('from Claudius Casilon's Questions Concerning the Attic Orators').
[[7]] See [E3738] Eusebius.
[[8]] [I435] Julian.
[[9]] RE Alexandros (98); NP Alexandros (28); Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.5.
Bibliography:
H. Maehler 'Menander Rhetor and Alexander Claudius in a papyrus letter' GRBS 15 (1974) 305-11
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[A1129] Alexander, of Miletus.[[1]] He was nicknamed Polyhistor and Cornelius, because he was taken prisoner and sold to Cornelius Lentulus, for whom he was pedagogue; he was then freed. He was burned to death in Laurentum, when his house was destroyed; when his wife learned of what had happened she hanged herself. He was a grammarian, one of Crates'[[2]] pupils. He wrote innumerable books: On Rome (5 books), in which he says that there was a Hebrew woman Moso, and the Hebrew law is her composition.[[3]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Alexandros (88); NP Alexandros (23); OCD3 Alexander (11); FGrH 273.
[[2]] [K2342] Crates.
[[3]] [M1349] Moso; cf. Stern (1976-1984) 1.163f.
Bibliography:
J. Christes Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im Antiken Rom (Wiesbaden 1979) 38-42
M. Stern Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism 3 vols. (Jerusalem 1976-1984)
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[A1628] Amorite. Sihon king of the Amorites.[[1]] {But Amorean [Amoraios] and Amorium with a long 'o'.[[2]]}
Notes:
[[1]] [S329] Sihon.
[[2]] See [A1644].
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[A1629] Ammoritis (fem.). Name of a city.
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[A1630] ammoros. Ill-fated.
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[A1631] amoton. Incessantly; insatiably.
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[A1632] Amoun. An Egyptian. As a young man he was averse to marriage; but when some of his relatives encouraged him not to condemn marriage, but to take a wife, he complied and entered into a marriage. Giving the virgin much exhortation, he persuaded her to give up the secular life before they had sexual intercourse. Having made this renunciation, they both retired to mount Nitria and for a short time lived the ascetic life together on their own. Antony saw the soul of this Amoun being taken up to heaven.[[1]] He never saw himself naked, saying that it was improper for a monk to see even his own body naked. There was also another monk, Didymus, who lived for 90 years, and did not spend time with any other human being until his death.
Sources: Socrates Ecclesiastical History 4.23
Notes:
[[1]] Athanasius Life of Antony 60.
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[A1633] amousa. Unpleasnt; lacking charm; boorish. Aristophanes, in the Themosphoriazusae: 'And besides, it's unaesthetic [amouson] to see a poet who looks like a hairy yokel. Think of the famous Ibycus and Anaecreon of Teos' etc.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Aristophanes Thesmophoriazusae 159-61 (tr. Sommerstein).
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[A1634] amokthei. Without effort.
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[A1635] amomenoi. Harvesting. And amosin [they harvest] similarly. Aristophanes: 'harvesting these ears of other people's corn, he's put them in prison and is drying them out and wants to sell them';[[1]] that is, Cleon, enjoying the fruit of other people's labours.
Notes:
[[1]] Aristophanes Knights 392-3; the reference is to the Spartan prisoners taken at Sphacteria, a victory for which Cleon took the credit due (according to Aristophanes) to Demosthenes.
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[A1636] amomon. Arrian: 'He sends to the king a horse with golden reins, and ornaments and a sword and a spice-plant [amomon]'
Arrian Parthica fr. 83 Roos-Wirth (FGrH 156F121).
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[A1637] amomos. Pure; and blameless. David: 'to shoot arrows from ambush at the innocent [amomon]'.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Psalm 64.4 (63.4 LXX).
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[A1638] Ammon. Name of a Greek god. Aristophanes Birds: 'We are your Ammon, Delphi, Dodona, Phoebus Apollo; for you come to the birds first before starting your work.'
Notes:
[[1]] Aristophanes Birds 716-7.
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[A1639] Ammonianus.[[1]] Grammarian, honoured by his association with Syrianus[[2]] and also by their innate similarity in character and physique - in Homer's words, 'in appearance and stature and nature most similar';[[3]] for each of them was physically handsome and large. Furthermore, their health and strength did not in any way fall short of their other natural gifts, either in whole or in any part. Their souls were eager for the best in the same way. But Syrianus was the more pious, and a genuine philosopher; the other was devoted to the art that is founded on the exegesis of poets and the correction of Greek diction. It was this Ammonianus who happened to acquire an ass as an audience for his wisdom.[[4]]
Sources: Damascius Life of Isidore fr. 111 Zintzen
Notes:
[[1]] RE Ammonianos (2); PLRE II Ammonianus.
[[2]] [S1662] Syrianus.
[[3]] Homer Iliad 2.58.
[[4]] Cf. [O391] onos luras. Photius Bibliotheca cod. 242, 339a: 'It was this Ammonianus who happened to acquire an ass which (they say) often neglected its feed to listen to lessons on poetry, even when it had deliberately been made to go hungry; such was the extent of the ass's desire for knowledge about poetry.'
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[A1640] Ammonius.[[1]] Philosopher; of Alexandria; nicknamed Saccas. He was of Christian parents, but became a Greek, as Porphyry says.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Ammonios (14); NP Ammonios (3); OCD3 Ammonius (2).
[[2]] Prophyry Against the Christians fr. 39 Harnack (Eusebius HE 6.9.7).
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[A1641] Ammonius,[[1]] son of Ammonius; of Alexandria; an acquaintance of Alexander.[[2]] He succeeded Aristarchus[[3]] as head of school, before Augustus was monarch.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Ammonios (16); NP Ammonios (9); OCD3 Ammonius (1).
[[2]] Not identified.
[[3]] [A3892] Aristarchus.
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[A1642] Amontianus. A Roman; he was a senator.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Not identified.
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[A1643] Amories. Illegitimate son of Pisaeus.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Not identified.
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[A1644] Amorium.[[1]] A city; and 'Amorean'. But 'Amorite'.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Amorion.
[[2]] Amoraios has a long 'o', Amorraios (cf. [A1628] Amorite) a short 'o'.
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[A1817] Anagallis,[[1]] the female grammarian from Corcyra. She attributes the invention of ball-games to Nausicaa, the daughter of Alcinous.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Agallis (1).
[[2]] Cf. Athenaeus 1, 14d (with the correct form of the name, Agallis); Nausicaa plays ball in Odyssey 6.99-117. Agallis is also known for the theory that the two cities portrayed on the Shield of Achilles (Iliad 18.490-540) were Athens and Eleusis (sch. T Il. 18.483-606, D Il. 18.490; Eustathius on Il. 18.490).
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[A1981] Anaxagoras.[[1]] Sophist. Son of Hegesibulus; of Clazomenae. He was nickanmed 'Mind', since he said that matter and mind are the guardian of all things. He is the man who said that the sun is a red-hot mass, i.e. a fiery stone. He was exiled from Athens (Pericles spoke in his defence), came to Lampsacus and there he starved himself to death; he put an end to his life at the age of 70, because he was put in prison by the Athenians on the grounds that he was trying to introduce a novel belief about god. Anaxagoras at Olympia, during a dry period, came to the stadium in a sheepskin; it is said that he did this to forecast rain; and he foretold very many other things. This man, who came from Clazomenae, gave over his property to cattle and to camels. Apollonius of Tyana said of him that he was a philospher for beasts, rather than human beings.[[2]] Crates of Thebes[[3]] threw his property into the sea, doing something of no advantage either to beasts or to human beings.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Anaxagoras (4); NP Anaxagoras; OCD3 Anaxagoras; DK 59; Diogenes Laertius 2.6-15.
[[2]] [A3420] Apollonius. See Philostratus Life of Apollonius 1.2, 13. Philostratus has, more plausibly, sheep or goats (melois) instead of camels (kamelois).
[[3]] [K2341] Crates.
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[A1989] Anaximenes, son of Aristocles; of Lampsacus.[[1]] Rhetor. A pupil of Diogenes the Cynic and the grammarian Zoilus of Amphipolis,[[2]] who abused Homer. He was tutor to Alexander of Macedon, and accompanied him on his campaigns. When king Alexander was angry with the people of Lampsacus, he got round him by the following trick. The people of Lampsacus were pro-Persian; Alexander was furiously angry, and threatened to do them massive harm. They, trying to save their women, their children and their homeland, sent Anaximenes to intercede. Alexander knew why he had come, and swore by the gods that he would do the opposite of what he asked; so Anaxamines said, 'Please do this for me, your majesty: enslave the women and children of Lampsacus, burn their temples, and raze the city to the ground.' Alexander had no way round this clever trick, and because he was bound by his oath he reluctantly pardoned the people of Lampsacus. Anaximenes also retaliated against Theopompus,[[3]] son of Damostratus, in an ingenious though malicious way. Since he was a sophist and could imitate the style of the sophists, he wrote a book addressed to the Athenians and Spartans, a defamatory treatise, exactly imitating him. He attached Theopompus' name to it, and sent it to the cities. As a result, hostility to Theopompus was increased throughout Greece. Moreover, no one before Anaximenes had invented improvised speeches.
Sources: Pausanias 6.18.2-6
Notes:
[[1]] RE Anaximenes (3); NP Anaximenes (2); OCD3 Anaximenes (2); FGrH 72.
[[2]] [Z130] Zoilus.
[[3]] [Th172] Theopompus.
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[A2148] Andocides, of Athens.[[1]] Rhetor; one of the ten principal ones. Son of Leogoras,[[2]] and a descendant of Odysseus' son Telemachus and Nausicaa, according to Hellanicus.[[3]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Andokides (1); NP Andokides (1); OCD3 Andocides.
[[2]] [L259] Leogoras.
[[3]] Hellanicus FGrH 4F170c.
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[A2185] Andromachus, of Neapolis in Syria.[[1]] Sophist. Son of Zonas or Sabinus; he taught in Nicomedia under the emperor Diocletian.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Andromachos (20); PLRE I Andromachus (2). He is probably the Andromachus mentioned in Eunapius Lives of the Sophists 457. He taught [S475] Siricius.
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[A2186] andromeoio: of human flesh.
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[A2187] andropais: a boy on the point of becoming a man.
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[A2188] andropletheia: a multitdue of men.
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[A2189] androsathon: possessing large genitals.
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[A2190] andros gerontos astaphis to kranion: 'An old man's head is a dried grape': part for whole; applied to those who are no longer of any use, because their whole body is weak. Also: 'An old man's jaws are staffs': applied to those who eat a lot in their old age. And: 'Don't look at an old man's buttocks': applied to those who are no longer useful for some purposes. Also: 'When a man is faring badly, his friends are gone': applied to those who find no assistance in misfortune from their friends.'
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[A2191] Androtion,[[1]] son of Andron;[[2]] of Athens. Rhetor and demagogue; a pupil of Isocrates.[[3]]
[[1]] RE Androtion; NP Androtion; OCD3 Androtion; FGrH 324.
[[2]] [A2193] Andron.
[[3]] [I652] Isocrates.
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[A2192] androphonos ['man-killer']: this term is used even if someone kills a woman.
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[A2193] Andron: One of the 400.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Andron (2); NP Andron (1); OCD3 Andron. Probably father of [A2191] Androtion. The Four Hundred were the oligarchic regime which took power in Athens in 411 BC.
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[A2634] Anteros, also called Apollonius, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian. He taught in Rome under Claudius, who was emperor after Gaius; Heraclides of Pontus[[2]] also lived in his time. He was a pupil of Apion Mochthus.[[3]] The following books by him are extant: On Grammar (2 books).
[b] 'And this much-praised name,[[4]] was preserved in these noble men' - in the sense, 'they loved one another': 'For Chariton and Melanippos breathed together[[5]] in love. Chariton was the lover, but Melanippus, the beloved, his soul set on fire towards his inspired friend, made known the spur of love with equal honour.'
Sources: [b] = Aelian fr. 202
Notes:
[[1]] RE Anteros (4) = Apollonius (79); NP Apollonius (10).
[[2]] [H463] Heraclides.
[[3]] [A3215] Apion.
[[4]] Anteros 'Mutual Love'. For the personification see RE Anteros (1); NP Anteros.
[[5]] Reading sunepneusaten (from [S1501]) for sunepesaten ('breathed together').
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[A2681] Antimachus, of Colophon.[[1]] Son of Hyparchus. Grammarian and poet. Some have listed him as a servant of the poet Panyasis,[[2]] but this is completely mistaken; he was his pupil, and also a pupil of Stesimbrotus. He lived before Plato.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Antimachos (24); NP Antimachos (3); OCD3 Antimachus.
[[2]] [P248] Panyasis.
Bibliography:
V.J. Matthews Antimachus of Colophon (Leiden 1996)
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 93-5
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[A2744] Antiphon, of Athens.[[1]] Diviner, epic poet and sophist. He was called 'word-cook'.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Antiphon (15); OCD3 Antiphon (2); DK 87. Probably identical with the interpreter of dreams [A2746] Antiphon. Opinion is divided over whether he is to be identified with the orator [A2745] Antiphon of Rhamnus.
[[2]] Or 'word-butcher' (logomageiros).
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[A2745] Antiphon, son of Sophilus; of Athens, of the deme Rhamnus. No one is recognised as his teacher; nevertheless, he was the leader in the judicial style of oratory after Gorgias.[[2]] He is said to have been the teacher of Thucydides.[[3]] He was called Nestor.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Antiphon (14); NP Antiphon (4); OCD3 Antiphon (1). Opinion is divided over whether he is to be identified with the sophist [A2744] Antiphon.
[[2]] [G388] Gorgias.
[[3]] An inference from the praise of Antiphon in Thucydides 8.68.
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[A2746] Antiphon, of Athens; interpreter of dreams. He wrote On the Interpretation of Dreams.
Notes:
[[1]] Probably identical with [A2744] Antiphon.
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[A2770] Antyllus.[[1]] Rhetor.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Antyllos (2); NP Antyllos (1).
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[A2800] Anytus, son of Anthemion; of Athens.[[1]] Rhetor.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Anytos (3); NP Anytos; OCD3 Anytus. He was one of the prosecutors of Socrates.
=====
[A3215] Apion, son of Plistonicus; nicknamed Mochthus;[[1]] of Egypt (but according to Heliconius, a Cretan). Grammarian. A pupil of Apollonius son of Archibius;[[2]] he also attended Euphranor's[[3]] lectures when he was an old man, more than 100 years old; he was a slave born in the house of Didymus the great.[[4]] He taught in the time of Caesar Tiberius and Claudius in Rome. He was the successor of the grammarian Theon,[[5]] and a contemporary of Dionysius of Halicarnassus.[[6]] He wrote a history organised by nation; and certain other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Apion (3); NP Apion; OCD3 Apion; FGrH 616.
[[2]] The relationship to [A3422] Apollonius is unclear.
[[3]] Not attested.
[[4]] [D872] Didymus.
[[5]] RE Theon (9).
[[6]] [D1174] Dionysius.
=====
[A3397] Apollinarius, of Laodicea in Syria.[[1]] He lived in the days of Constantius and Julian the Apostate, and until the reign of Theodosius the Great; he was a contemporary of Basil and Gregory, the much-admired Cappadocians.[[2]] He was an acquaintance of them both, and of the sophist Libanius,[[3]] and of a number of others. He was not just a grammarian and a talented poet, but also (and far more) he was trained in philosophy; and he was a very able rhetor. He wrote in prose 30 volumes against the impious Porphyry,[[4]] and the whole of the Hebrew scriptures in epic verse. He wrote letters, and also many commentaries on the Scriptures. Philostorgius mentions Apollinarius in his history of his own times, and says: In those days Apollinarius was flourishing in Laodicea in Syria, Basil in Caesarea in Cappadocia, and Gregory in Nazianzus (this place is a way-station in Cappadocia). These three men were then champions of consubstantiality against difference of substance, completely overshadowing all those who previously, or subsequently up to my own time, had stood up for that heresy; Athanasius could be judged a child by comparison with them.[[5]] For they were very advanced in the so-called 'external' education, and they had great proficiency in everything that contributes to the study and prompt recollection of Holy Scripture. This was especially true of Apollinarius, since he could understand Hebrew. Each of them was very well able to write in his own manner. Apollinarius far excelled in the style that suits commentaries; Basil was most brilliant in panegryic; but Gregory, compared with the two of them, had the soundest basis for written composition. Apollinarius was more powerful, Basil weightier, in speech. Such was their ability in speech and written composition; and in the same degree these men presented a character attractive to the public gaze. So all who saw them or heard them or received their writings were drawn into their communion, if they could easily be caught by any of their arguments. That is what Philostorgius the Arian wrote about them in passing.
Sources: Philostorgius HE 8.11a Bidez-Winkelmann
Notes:
[[1]] RE Apollinarios; NP Apollinarios (3). Cf. [A3398] Apollinarius.
[[2]] [B150] Basil of Caesarea; [G450] Gregory of Nazianzus.
[[3]] [L486] Libanius.
[[4]] [P2098] Porphyry. The reference is to Porphyry's Against the Christians.
[[5]] 'Consubstantiality' (to homoousion) was the formula adopted by the Council of Nicaea (AD 325) to define the relationship between the three persons of the Trinity and reaffirmed at the Council of Constantinople (AD 381); it was heresy from the point of view of the Suda's source, Philostorgius, who as an Arian.The Suda surprisingly has no entry for Athanasius, the great defender of Nicene orthodoxy during the mid-fourth century.
Bibliography:
P. Speck 'Sokrates scholastikos über die beiden Apolinarioi' Philologus 141 (1997) 362-9
=====
[A3398] Apollinarius: this man appeared after Paul of Samosata;[[1]] he was bishop of Laodicea in Syria, and introduced another folly. The Arians said that our Lord's flesh had no soul; he said that the Lord took flesh ensouled with a living soul, but he did not take to himself a mind like ours. He says that that flesh did not need a human mind, since it was guided by the divine Word which assumed it. On this premise he insists that there is one nature of the Word and the flesh, on the grounds that the flesh is incomplete with respect to being a human being, and so does not justify the application of the term 'a nature'. After him Theodorus, bishop of Mopsuestia in Cilicia, appeared.[[2]]
[b] There were two men named Apollinarius, father and son. The father was from Alexandria, but married in Laodicea in Syria and had a son called Apollinarius.[[3]] Both flourished at the same time as the sophist Epiphanius,[[4]] whom they met in his prime. Theodotus, the bishop of Laodicea, being completely unable to detach them from him, excommunicated them. The younger Apollinarius regarded what had happened as an insult, and relying on his sophistic ingenuity he too invented his own heresy, which is still current, and bears the name of its inventor. Others say that they disagreed with George,[[5]] because they saw that his doctrine was unsound. This Apollinarius had the audacity to believe in degrees of the divine nature, and attached myths to God's promises.
Notes:
[[1]] [P813] Paul.
[[2]] [Th154] Theodorus.
[[3]] [A3397] Apollinarius.
[[4]] [E2741] Epiphanius.
[[5]] The Arian bishop of Laodicea: cf. Socrates HE 6.25.
=====
[A3407] Apollodorus, son of Asclepiades.[[1]] Grammarian. One of the pupils of the philosopher Panaetius of Rhodes[[2]] and the grammarian Aristarchus.[[3]] He was Athenian by birth. He was the first of the so-called tragiambic poets.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Apollodoros (61); NP Apollodoros (7); OCD3 Apollodorus (6); FGrH 244.
[[2]] [P184] Panaetius.
[[3]] [A3892] Aristarchus.
Bibliography:
P.M. Fraser Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford 1972) 471
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 253-66
=====
[A3422] Apollonius, of Alexandria, called Dyscolus;[[1]] father of Herodian,[[2]] the technical writer. Grammarian. He wrote the following works: On the Division of the Parts of Speech (4 books); On the Syntax of the Parts of Speech (4 books); On the Verb, or Rhematikos (5 books); On the Formation of mi-Verbs (1 book); On Nouns, or Onomatikos (1 book); On Nouns according to Dialect; On the Nominative Case of Feminine Nouns (1 book); On Paronyms (1 book); On Comparatives; and On Dialects - Doric, Ionic, Aeolic, Attic; On Homeric Figures; On Fabricated History; On Modifications of Forms; On Necessary Accents (2 books); On Skewed Accents (1 book); On Prosodies (5 books); On Letters; On Prepositions; On Didymus' Pithana;[[3]] On Composition; On Words with Two Spellings; On the Word 'tis'; On Genders; On Breathings; On Possessives; On Conjugation.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Apollonios (81); NP Apollonios (11); OCD3 Apollonius (13).
[[2]] [H546] Herodian.
[[3]] See [D873] Didymus.
Bibliography:
D.L. Blank 'Apollonius Dyscolus' ANRW II 34.1 (1993) 708-30
=====
[A3423] Apollonius,[[1]] son of Archebulus or Archibius. He wrote on Homeric diction (arranged alphabetically).
Notes:
[[1]] Apollonius Sophista: RE Apollonios (80); NP Apollonios (12); OCD3 Apollonius (11). The father may be [A4105] Archibius.
=====
[A3892] Aristarchus,[[1]] of Alexandria by adoption, although he was born in Samothrace. His father was Aristarchus. He lived in the 156th Olympiad, under Ptolemy Philometor, to whose son he was also tutor. He is said to have written more than 800 books, counting only monographs. He was a pupil of Aristophanes the grammarian,[[2]] and had very many disagreements with the grammarian Crates[[3]] of Pergamum in Pergamum. His pupils included about 40 grammarians. He died in Cyprus, killing himself by starvation, because he was suffering from dropsy. He lived for 72 years. He left two sons, Aristarchus and Aristagoras; both were simple-minded, with the result that Aristarchus was actually sold; the Athenians bought his freedom when he came among them.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristarchos (22); NP Aristarchos (4); OCD3 Aristarchus (2).
[[2]] [A3933] Aristophanes.
[[3]] [K2342] Crates.
Bibliography:
P.M. Fraser Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford 1972) 462-7
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 210-33
=====
[A3902] Aristides,[[1]] of Hadriani. Sophist. (Hadriani is a city in Mysia, now Bithynia.) Pupil of the rhetor Polemo of Smyrna.[[2]] Son of Eudaemon, who was a philosopher and priest in the temple of Zeus in his native city. (Others write that his father was Eudaemon.)[[3]] He attended Herodes' classes in Athens,[[4]] and those of Aristocles in Pergamum.[[5]] He lived under Antoninus Caesar, and survived until Commodus. As for his speeches, one would not find an end to them anywhere, and they are in different ways and in different respects successful.[[6]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristeides (24); NP Aristeides (3); OCD3 Aristides, Publius Aelius; PIR2 A 145; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.9.
[[2]] [P1889] Polemo.
[[3]] This obscure parenthesis perhaps arises from a confused memory of Philostratus' pun: 'Aristides, either the son of Eudaemon [Eudaimonos] or himself fortunate [eudaimona].'
[[4]] [H545] Herodes.
[[5]] [A3918] Aristocles.
[[6]] The sense of the last sentence is obscure; the text may be corrupt.
Bibliography:
C.A. Behr Aelius Aristides and the Sacred Tales (Amsterdam 1968)
C.A. Behr 'Studies in the biography of Aelius Aristides' ANRW II 34.2 (1994) 1140-1233
=====
[A3910] Aristogenes, of Thasos. Doctor. He wrote 25 books; the select ones are: On Diet (1 book); On Power (1 book); On Poisonous Animals (1 book); On Seed (1 book); Health (1 book); letters; Epitome of Physical Remedies, to Antigonus.
Notes:
[[1]] Perhaps identical with [A3911] Aristogenes.
=====
[A3911] Aristogenes, of Cnidus. Doctor. A slave of the philosopher Chrysippus;[[2]] he was physician to Antigonus, who was called Gonatas.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristogenes (5), identifying him with [A3910] Aristogenes.
[[2]] [Ch568] Chrysippus.
=====
[A3912] Aristogiton,[[1]] son of Cydimachus or Lysimachus, of Athens. Rhetor. His mother was a freedwoman. He was nicknamed 'Dog' because of his shamelessness. He was put to death by the Athenians. His speeches were a defence against Demosthenes the general, and against Lycurgus; Against Timotheus; Against Timarchus; Against Hyperides; Against Thrasyllus; Orphan Speech. (Investigate this Aristogiton: perhaps he is the comrade of Harmodius.)
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristogeiton (2); NP Aristogeiton (2). Identical with [A3913] Aristogiton.
=====
[A3913] Aristogiton,[[1]] son of Scudimus. A sycophant. His father was a public debtor and died in prison; Aristogiton himself was subsequently imprisoned as the inheritor of the debt. His mother was sold by the people. In prison he stole a writing-tablet, and was condemned by the prisomers; and he ate the nose of the man whose writing-tablet he stole. Zobia,[[2]] who took him in when he escaped from prison and expected to be well-treated when he was powerful, he dragged off to the auction-room; and he sold his sister for export. Hyperides[[3]] prosecuted him for making an unconstitutional proposal in connection with the decree after Chaeronea, but failed to secure his conviction.
Notes:
[[1]] Identical with [A3913] Aristogiton. The allegations are drawn from Demosthenes 25.54-62.
[[2]] [Z115] Zobia.
[[3]] [U294] Hyperides.
=====
[A3914] Aristodemus,[[1]] son of Aristocrates. Tyrant of Cyme in Italy; a man of no little distinction on account of his descent. He was called 'Soft' [malakos] by the people of the city, and in time he became better known by this appelation than by his name, either because he was effeminate as a bpy and submitted himself to what is appropriate to women, or because he was gentle by nature and mild [malakos] in his anger.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristodemos (8); NP Aristodemos (5); OCD3 Aristodemus (2).
=====
[A3915] Aristodemus.[[1]] Epitome of Herodian's Universal,[[2]] to Danaus.
Notes:
[[1]] Not in RE.
[[2]] I.e. the Universal Prosody of [H546] Herodian.
=====
[A3916] Aristocles, of Messene in Italy.[[1]] Peripatetic philosopher. He composed On Philosophy (10 books); Whether Homer or Plato is more Serious. In these books he catalogues all the philosophers and their opinions. He also wrote an Art of Rhetoric; On Sarapis; Ethics (9 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristokles (15); NP Aristokles (1) OCD3 Aristocles.
=====
[A3917] Aristocles, of Lampsacus.[[1]] Stoic philosopher. He wrote an exegesis of Chrysippus'[[2]] How we name each thing and form a conception of it (4 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristokles (16).
[[2]] [Ch568] Chrysippus.
=====
[A3918] Aristocles, of Pergamum.[[1]] Sophist. Lived under Trajan and Hadrian. Art of Rhetoric; letters; On Rhetoric (5 books); declamations; To the Emperor, on the Distribution of Gold.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristokles (19); NP Aristokles (4); PIR2 C789; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.3.
Bibliography:
I. Avotins 'The sophist Aristocles and the grammarian Phrynichus' PP 33 (1978) 181-91
=====
[A3919] Aristocrates.[[1]] Rhodian general. He was dignified and striking in appearance, and for all these reasons the Rhodians assumed that they had a completely reliable leader and patron in war. But their hopes were dashed; entering into action as into a fire, like fraudulent currency, he was revealed as being of a different character.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristokrates (21).
=====
[A3920] aristokratia. The rule of the best people.
=====
[A3921] Aristomache. A proper name.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] The best-known Aristomache was the sister of the Syracusan tyrant Dio: see [D1238] Dio.
=====
[A3922] Aristomenes, of Athens.[[1]] A comic poet of the second rank of the old comedy, in the time of the Peloponnesian War, in the 86th Olympiad. He was nicknamed 'Door-maker'.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristomenes (12); NP Aristomenes (3); OCD3 Aristomenes (2); PCG 2.562-8.
=====
[A3923] ariston [morning meal]. Around the third hour; from going out to battle [aristeia]. See under deipnon.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] [D358].
=====
[A3924] Aristonicus, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian. He wrote on the critical signs in Hesiod's Theogony and in the Iliad and Odyssey; Ungrammatical Words (7 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristonikos (17); NP Aristonikos (5); OCD3 Aristonicus (2).
=====
[A3925] Aristonicus, the servant of Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was aeunuch, but from childhood had been a close companion of the king. As he grew older he displayed a more manly daring and character than is normal for a eunuch. In fact he was a natural soldier, and spent most of his time with soldiers and in military affairs. He was equally capable in conversation, and was of an affable disposition, which is rare. Moreover, he had a fine natural inclination to show beneficence to others.
Sources: Polybius 22.22
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristonikos (8).
=====
[A3926] aristonomia. Administration by the best people.
=====
[A3933] Aristophanes, of Byzantium.[[1]] Grammarian. Son of Apelles, a military officer. A pupil of Callimachus[[2]] and Zenodotus[[3]] (the former as a young man, the latter as a boy), and additionally of Dionysius Iambus[[4]] and Euphronidas of Corinth (or Sicyon).[[5]] He lived around the 144th Olympiad.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aristophanes (14); NP Aristophanes (4); OCD3 Aristophanes (2); FGrH 347.
[[2]] [K227] Callimachus.
[[3]] [Z74] Zenodotus.
[[4]] RE Dionysios (93); NP Dionysios (15).
[[5]] Otherwise unattested.
Bibliography:
P.M. Fraser Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford 1972) 459-61
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 170-209
W.J. Slater Aristophanis Byzantii Fragmenta (SGLG 6, Berlin 1986)
=====
[A3948] Arcadius.[[1]] Grammarian; of Antioch. He wrote On Orthography; On the Syntax of the Parts of Speech; Onomaticon (an admirable work).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Arkadios (5); NP Arkadios; OCD3 Arcadius (1); PLRE II Arcadius (3).
=====
[A4010] Harpocras:[[1]] this man was a close acquaintance of Ammonius. He was an Egyptian. Grammarian; in the time of the emperor Zeno. Nicomedes heard that he knew all about Ammonius, and was eager to apprehend him; but he inferred what was to come from what had gone before, or was informed in advance, and he immediately went into hiding.
Sources: Damascius Life of Isidore fr. 313 Zintzen
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE II Harpocras (3). Cf. [W159] Horapollo.
=====
[A4011] Harpocration, of Argos.[[1]] Platonic philosopher. A companion of Caesar. He wrote a commentary on Plato (24 books); Lexicon to Plato (2 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Harpocration (2).
=====
[A4012] Harpocration, surnamed Gaius.[[1]] Sophist. He wrote On Antiphon's Figures; On the Speeches of Hyperides and Lysias; etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Harpocration (4).
=====
[A4013] Harpocration, surnamed Aelius.[[1]] Sophist. He wrote On the Apparent Examples of Ignorance in the Orators; Hypotheses to the Speeches of Hyperides; On the Falsity of Herodotus' History; On Order in Xenophon; On the Art of Rhetoric; On Types of Style.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Harpocration (3); PIR2 A186.
=====
[A4014] Harpocration, surnamed Valerius.[[1]] Rhetor; of Alexandria. Lexicon of the Ten Orators; Collection of Fine Passages.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Harpocration (5), with Suppl. 6.1026; OCD3 Harpocration, Valerius.
=====
[A4105] Archibius, son of Apollonius.[[1]] Grammarian. Exegesis of Callimachus' Epigrams.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Archibios (6). Perhaps father of [A3423] Apollonius.
=====
[A4106] Archibius, son of Ptolemy;[[1]] of Leucas or Alexandria. Grammarian; one of those who taught down to the time of the Caesar Trajan in Rome.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Archibios (7).
=====
[A4113] Archimedes; of Tralles.[[1]] Philosopher. Commentary on Homer; and Mechanics.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Archimedes (4).
=====
[A4173] Asclepiades,[[1]] son of Diotimus; of Myrlea (Myrlea is a city in Bithynia, now called Apamea); but by his original descent, Nicaea. A pupil of Apollonius.[[2]] He lived in the time of Attalus and Eumenes, the kings of Pergamum. He wrote on the textual criticism of philosophical books. He also taught in Rome in the time of Pompey the Great, and spent time in Alexandria under Ptolemy IV as a young man. He wrote many works.
[b] Asklepieion: a drug; and Asklepeion: a drug; but Asclepium [Asklepêion], the temple. And Asclepiadae, the doctors, from Asclepius. His name is derived from keeping bodies tough [askele] and gentle [epia].[[3]] Asclepius, the patron of medicine, could heal Pauson and Irus and any other hopeless case: see under Pauson and Irus.[[4]] And Aelian: 'he, suffering miserably from an illness (the children of the Asclepiadae call it inflammation of the lungs) at first was need of human medicine.'
Sources: Aelian fr. 89
Notes:
[[1]] RE Asklepiades (28); NP Asklepiades (8); OCD3 Asclepiades (4); FGrH 697.
[[2]] Not identified.
[[3]] A clearer formulation of this etymology can be found in the Etymologicum Magnum, s.v.: 'because he makes tough [askele] (i.e. harsh) diseases mild [epia]'.
[[4]] Cf. [P823].
Bibliography:
W.J. Slater 'Asklepiades and historia' GRBS 13 (1972) 317-33
=====
[A4203] Aspasius, of Byblos.[[1]] Sophist; a contemporary of Aristides[[2]] and Hadrian.[[3]] He wrote On Byblos; On Figured Issues;[[4]] declamations; arts; commentaries; informal discourses; Encomium of the Emperor Hadrian; and a number of other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aspasios (3); NP Aspasios (2); PIR2 A1261; FGrH 792.
[[2]] [A3902] Aristides.
[[3]] [A528] Hadrian.
[[4]] An improbable title; perhaps 'On Figured <Speeches; On> Issues'.
Bibliography:
M. Heath AJP 119 (1998) 99f.
=====
[A4204] Aspasius, of Tyre.[[1]] Sophist; historian. He wrote a miscellaneous history On Epirus and its Affairs (20 books); On the Art of Rhetoric; etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aspasios (1); FGrH 793. Heath (1998) 99-102 speculates that the rhetorical treatise attributed to [A4735] Apsines may, if that attribution is mistaken, be the work of Aspasius.
Bibliography:
M. Heath 'Apsines and pseudo-Apsines' AJP 119 (1998) 89-111
=====
[A4205] Aspasius, pupil of the critic Demetrianus; of Ravenna.[[1]] Sophist. Lived under Alexander son of Mamaea. Against Those who are Fond of Slander; Against Ariston; miscellaneous discourses. He attended the classes of Pausanias[[2]] and Hippodromus,[[3]] and enjoyed prolonged eminence as a sophist in Rome.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aspasios (4); NP Aspasios (3); PIR2 A1262; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.33.
[[2]] [P819] Pausanias.
[[3]] RE Hippodromos (4); Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.27.
Bibliography:
M. Heath AJP 119 (1998) 100
S. Rothe Kommentar zu ausgewahlten Sophistenviten des Philostratos (Heidelberg 1988) 267-80
=====
[A4259] Astyages.[[1]] Grammarian. Art of Grammar; On Dialects; On Metres; Onomatic Canons; and a commentary on the poet Callimachus.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Astyages (3).
=====
[A4460] Ausonius.[[1]] Sophist. He wrote letters and certain other works addressed to Nonnus.
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE II Ausonius (3).
=====
[A4556] Aphareus, of Athens.[[1]] Rhetor. Son of the sophist Hippias[[2]] and Plathane; stepson of Isocrates;[[3]] floruit in the 95th Olympiad, at the same time as the philosopher Plato.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aphareus (4); NP Aphareus (2); TrGF 73.
[[2]] [I543] Hippias.
[[3]] [I652] Isocrates.
=====
[A4630] Aphthonius.[[1]] Sophist. He wrote a commentary on Hermogenes' Art; Progymnasmata.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aphthonios (1); NP Aphthonios; PLRE I Apthonius.
[[2]] I have repunctuated (Adler's punctuation gives 'Progymnasmata on Hermogenes' Art', which makes little sense). For 'commentary' (hupomnema) understood before eis compare the citation of Porphyry's commentary on Minucianus' Art in [P2098] Porphyry.
Bibliography:
G.A. Kennedy Greek Rhetoric under Christian Emperors (Princeton 1983) 59-66
=====
[A4734] Apsines, of Athens.[[1]] Sophist. Father of Onasimus the sophist, the father of Apsines.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE I Apsines (1).
[[2]] See [O327] Onasimus; [A4736] Apsines.
Bibliography:
M. Heath AJP 119 (1998) 91
=====
[A4735] Apsines, of Gadara.[[1]] Sophist. Begotten (so the story has it) by Pan. A pupil of Heraclides of Lycia in Smyrna,[[2]] and then of Basilicus in Nicomedia.[[3]] He was sophist in Athens under the emperor Maximian,[[4]] and was awarded consular ornamenta.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aspines, with Suppl. 14.53; NP Aspines; OCD3 Apsines; PIR2 A978. For the rhetorical treatise traditionally attributed to Apsines see Dilts and Kennedy (1997), including text and translation. Heath (1998) argues that the attribution is incorrect; if so, it is possible that Apsines was the author of the pseudo-Hermogenean On Invention.
[[2]] [H462] Heraclides.
[[3]] [B159] Basilicus.
[[4]] The transmitted text says Maximian (AD 286-310); but Maximinus (AD 235-38) must be meant, since other entries make Apsines a contemporary of the sophists Fronto [Ph635], with a floruit under Severus Alexander (222-35), and Maior [M46], with a floruit under Philip (244-49), and give his pupil Gaianus (G9) a floruit under Gordian (238-44).
Bibliography:
M. Heath 'Apsines and pseudo-Apsines' AJP 119 (1998) 89-111 (further bibliography at 90 n.7)
M.R. Dilts and G. Kennedy Two Greek Rhetorical Treatises from the Roman Empire (Leiden 1997)
=====
[A4736] Apsines,[[1]] son of the sophist Onasimus of Athens.[[2]] Sophist. Later than Apsines of Gadara.[[3]]
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE I Apsines (2). Possibly = Apsines the Spartan (Eunapius Lives of the Sophists 482, 483-5).
[[2]] [O327] Onasimus.
[[3]] [A4735] Apsines.
Bibliography:
M. Heath AJP 119 (1998) 91
=====
[B159] Basilicus.[[1]] Sophist. On the Figures of Diction; On Rhetorical Preparation (or On Practice); On Paraphrase; and certain other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Basilikos (1); NP Basilikos (1).
=====
[B259] Bemarchius,[[1]] of Caesarea in Cappadocia. Sophist. He wrote the acts of the emperor Constantine (10 books); declamations; and miscellaneous discourses.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Bemarchios; PLRE I Bemarchius; FGrH 220.
=====
[G9] Gaianus,[[1]] of Arabia. Sophist; a pupil of Apsines of Gadara.[[2]] He lived under Maximus and Gordian. On Construction (5 books); Art of Rhetoric; declamations. He was a sophist in Berytus.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Gaianos (2); PIR2 G17.
[[2]] [A4735] Apsines.
=====
[G10] {Gaius Julius Caesar,[[1]] the first monarch. He wrote a translation of Aratus' Phaenomena, and an Art of Grammar in Latin, as well as an autobiography.}
Notes:
[[1]] RE Iulius (131); OCD3 Iulius Caesar, Gaius (1).
=====
[G11] Gaius Caesar, who was nicknamed Caligula.[[1]] Art of Rhetoric (in Latin).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Gaius (133); OCD3 Gaius (1).
=====
[G32] Galen,[[1]] the exceptionally distinguished doctor; of Pergamum. Lived under the emperors Marcus, Commodus and Pertinax in Rome. Son of Nicon, a geometer and architect. He composed many works on medicine and philosophy, and also on grammar and rhetoric; because they are familiar to everyone, I have not thought it necessary to catalogue them here. He died aged 70.
[b] It also means 'peaceful'.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Galenos; OCD3 Galen; PIR2 G24.
=====
[G132] Genethlius,[[1]] son of Genethlius; a Palestinian, from Petra. Sophist; a pupil of Minucianus[[2]] and Agapetus.[[3]] As a teacher in Athens he was a rival of the famous Callinicus;[[4]] he was naturally adept, and could memorise a complete declamation at single hearing. He died young, aged 28. He wrote talks (i.e. informal discourses) and declamations (including the man who makes a proclamation against himself as having no city after the destruction of Thebes); Propempticon to his Companions Daduchus and Asclepiades; panegyrics.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Genethlios (2); PLRE I Genethlius.
[[2]] [M1087] Minucianus.
[[3]] RE Agapetos (3); not otherwise attested.
[[4]] RE Kallinikos (4); probably identical with [K231] Callinicus.
=====
[G298] glossa tamieiou [advocacy of the treasury]: the sophist Quirinus held this appointment, from the emperor.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Cf. [K2765] Quirinus.
=====
[G388] Gorgias, son of Charmantides, of Leontini.[[1]] Rhetor. A pupil of Empedocles, and teacher of Polus of Acragas,[[2]] Pericles, Isocrates[[3]] and Alcidamas of Elea,[[4]] who succeeded him as head of his school. He was the brother of the doctor Herodicus. Porphyry places him in the 80th Olympiad;[[5]] but it has to be understood that he was older than that. He was the first to give the rhetorical kind of education expressive force and artistry, making use of tropes, metaphor, allegory, hypallage, catachresis, hyperbaton, anadiplosis, epanalepsis, apostrophe and parisosis. He charged each of his pupils 100 mina. He lived 109 years, and composed many works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Gorgias (8); OCD3 Gorgias (1); DK 82; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.9.
[[2]] [P2170] Polus.
[[3]] [I652] Isocrates.
[[4]] [A1283] Alcidamas.
[[5]] Porphyry fr. 209 Smith.
=====
[G481] Gymnasius,[[1]] of Sidon. Sophist, in the time of the emperor Constantine. He wrote declamations; a commentary on Demosthenes; and certain other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Gymnasios; PLRE I Gymnasius (1). He was father of [Th208] Theon.
=====
[D45] Damianus, of Ephesus.[[1]] Sophist. He was raised to consular rank under the emperor Severus, was governor of Bithynia, and constructed the domed stoa which extends to the temple outside Ephesus.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Damianos (2); NP Damianos; PIR2 F253; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.23.
=====
[D52] Damophilus.[[1]] Philosopher, sophist. He was the tutor of Julian, the consul under the emperor Marcus. He was a prolific author; I have found the following works in the libraries: Bibliophile (book 1), on books worth purchasing; To Lollius Maximus, On the Life of the Ancients; and very many other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Damophilos (7).
=====
[D99] Daphidas,[[1]] of Telmessos. Grammarian. He wrote On Homer and His Poetry, that he did not tell the truth: for the Athenians did not fight at Troy. This man was indiscriminately abusive, and did not spare even the gods. Attalus, the king of Pergamum, plotted against him for this reason. He once went to the Pythia and mocked the oracle; with a laugh he asked whether he would find his horse. The answer was that he would find it quickly. Then he made it widely known that in fact he did not own a horse. As he was returning Attalus captured him and ordered that he should be thrown off a cliff; the place where this happened was called Hippos;[[2]] so he realised before his death that the oracle did not lie. So he behaved outrageously, and came to a bad end.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Daphitas; NP Daphitas.
[[2]] Cf. hippos, 'horse'.
=====
[D237] Dexippus,[[1]] son of Dexippus; surnamed Herennius; of Athens. Rhetor. Lived under the Roman emperors Valerian, Gallienus, Claudius II and Aurelian.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Dexippos (5); NP Dexippos (2); OCD3 Herennius Dexippus, Publius; PLRE I Dexippus (2); FGrH 100.
Bibliography:
F. Millar 'P. Herennius Dexippus: the Greek world and the third-century invasions' JRS (1969) 12-29
=====
[D333] Dinarchus, of Corinth.[[1]] Rhetor; one of those ranked with Demosthenes. Whose son he is, is not recorded. He wrote (according to some) 160 speeches in all; but a more accurate figure is only 60, all of them judicial; some are public, some private. He died, having been appointed supervisor of the Peloponnese by Antipater, after Antipater's death; Polysperchon plotted against him.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Deinarchos (1); NP Deinarchos; OCD3 Dinarchus.
[[2]] The account of his death confuses him with a Corinthian politician of the same name (RE Deinarchos (2)); see Worthington (1992) 10.
Bibliography:
I. Worthington A Historical Commentary on Dinarchus (Ann Arbor 1992)
=====
[D358] deipnon.[[1]] The early morning meal, which is called breakfast [akratismos]. Then about the third hour is the morning meal [ariston], from going out to battle [aristeia]. And the mid-day meal [deipnos], after which it is necessary to work [dei ponein]. Then the evening meal, dorpos, from the spear ceasing [doru pauein]. Aristophanes: 'teach me to dine',[[2]] applied to the greedy.
Notes:
[[1]] On ancient scholarly discussion of meal-times in the heroic age see Heath (1998).
[[2]] Aristophanes Frogs 107.
Bibliography:
M. Heath 'Athenaeus 1, 11b-f: heroic meal-times' Eikasmos 9 (forthcoming, 1998)
=====
[D359] Deipnosophists: There is a book with this title (the author is Athenaeus[[1]] by name), which is useful. Ulpian, one of the deipnosophists, who was called 'Attested-Unattested' [Keitoukeitos] because of his constant challenges: is there attestation for hora ['season'] applied the part of the day? For methusos ['drunk'] applied to a male? For metra ['womb'] applied to the edible food? Is there attestation for suagros ['wild boar'] applied to the pig? He had a private rule not to taste anything before he had asked whether or not it is attested.[[2]] See under Athenaeus for what he says about the men of old who had a reputation for munificence in giving banquets, about Alexander, Alcibiades, Empedocles of Acragas etc.[[3]]
Notes:
[[1]] [A731] Athenaeus.
[[2]] Excerpted from Athenaeus 1, 1d-e. Ulpian of Tyre (on the prosopography of this character see Baldwin (1976)), characterised as an extreme Atticist, is concerned with whether any given usage is attested [keitai] or unattested [ou keitai] in classical Attic authors. The same extract is found in [K1482] keitoukeitos.
[[3]] See [A731].
Bibliography:
B. Baldwin 'Athenaeus and his work' AC 19 (1976) 21-42 = Studies in Greek and Roman History and Literature (Amsterdam 1985) 417-38
=====
[D414] Demades, of Athens.[[1]] Rhetor and demagogue, unscrupulous and fortunate. He had previously been a sailor. He wrote a defence to Olympias On the Twelve Years; a history about Delos and the birth of Leto's children. He suspended the law-courts and rhetorical contests.[[2]] He died in the reign of Antipater.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Demades; NP Demades; OCD3 Demades; FGrH 227. Identical with [D415] Demades.
[[2]] This sentence must originally have referred to Antipater.
=====
[D415] Demades.[[1]] Ruling after Antipater he restored Thebes.[[2]] Son of Demeas, a sailor, he was himself a sailor too, a ship-builder and crewman. Giving up these activities he entered politics, and turned traitor; as a result he grew rich, and received property in Boeotia from Philip as a bribe. He spoke against Demosthenes when he made his speech in support if the Olynthians, and he proposed that Euthycrates of Olynthus, who had been deprived of civic rights by the Athenians, should have them restored and should be proxenos for the Athenians. When he rendered account for his term of office, public unrest forced him to leave the city, saying 'You have no control over yourselves, or over me.' He raised horses, and competed successfully at Olympia. He proposed a decree that the Greeks should be subject to Philip. At Chaeronea he was taken prisoner, but his life was spared and he was sent as an ambassador of behalf of the prisoners, whom Philip released. He was twice convicted for unconstitutional proposals. He was also politically active under Alexander.
Notes:
[[1]] Identical with [D414] Demades.
[[2]] This sentence in fact refers to Cassander.
=====
[D416] Demades,[[1]] of the deme Laciadae, of Athens. Rhetor. The previous Demades (the one who was also a demagogue) adopted him, although he was the son of an aulos-player. He was himself the father of the orator Demeas. He died when he was thrown into the marsh at Amphipolis by Antipater, the father of Cassander and Successor.
Notes:
[[1]] Son of [D414] = [D415] Demades.
=====
[D429] Demetrius,[[1]] son of Panostratus, of Phalerum (Phalerum is a harbour in Attica); he was called Phanus at first. Peripatetic philosopher. He wrote on philosophy, history, rhetoric and politics, and about poets. He studied with Theophrastus,[[2]] and was a demagogue in Athens. He composed numerous books. He was so handsome that the slander arose that he had been Neon's lover, and he was called by some Lampeto and Charitoblepharus. He rose to great glory and power, but because of envy he was out-witted; he was exiled by the Athenians, and went to Egypt, where he lived with Ptolemy Soter; he died of an asp's bite, and was buried in the Busirite nome, near to Diospolis in the marshes.
[b] When the father of Demetrius Poliorcetes[[3]] was an old man, the hopes of the kingdom brought to him in succession both command and the good will of the masses. He was outstanding in beauty and stature, and when arrayed in the royal armour he was distinguished and awe-inspiring, a fact by which he created high expectations in most people. Moreover, he had a certain mildness, appropriate to a young king, by which he excited everyone's enthusiasm, so that even people who were not enlisted came together to hear him, sympathetically anxious on account of his youth and the imminent crisis because of their partisanship.
Sources: [b] = Diodorus of Sicily 19.813-4
Notes:
[[1]] RE Demetrios (85); NP Demetrios (4); OCD3 Demetrius (3); FGrH 228.
[[2]] [Th199] Theophrastus.
[[3]] Demetrius Poliorcetes, king of Macedon: RE Demetrios (33); NP Demetrios (2); OCD3 Demetrius (4). His father was Antigonus.
=====
[D430] Demetrius, nicknamed Ixion.[[1]] Grammarian; of Adramyttium. He lived at the time of Caesar Augustus, and spent his time in Pergamum. He got this nickname (according to some) because he was caught stealing gold leaf from the statue of Hera in Alexandria; others say that he robbed of its Euripidean aspirations the drama containing Ixion; others, that he quarrelled with his teacher Aristarchus,[[2]] just as Ixion tried to act ungratefully towards the gods who had bestowed favours on him.[[3]] He wrote a great deal: On -mi Verbs; etc. On Antonyms; exegesis of Homer; likewise of Hesiod.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Demetrios (101); OCD3 Demetrius (13).
[[2]] [A3892] Aristarchus.
[[3]] Cf. [I394] Ixion.
Bibliography:
P.M. Fraser Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford 1972) 470-1
T. Staesche De Demetrio Ixione grammatico (diss. Halle 1883)
=====
[D454] Demosthenes,[[1]] of Athens; son of Demosthenes and Cleobule. Rhetor. Of the deme Paeania. He was painstaking rather than naturally gifted, Hermippus[[2]] says; and he lacked self-control with regard to pleasures (the same source says this too). Hence as a young man he was called Batalus (because he often wore women's clothing), and after he was an adult Argas (that is the name of a snake). He became ambitious to be an orator through hearing the orator Callistratus[[3]] speaking on behalf of Oropus. He studied with Isaeus,[[4]] the pupil of Isocrates, and conversed with Zoilus of Amphipolis[[5]] when he was a sophist in Athens, and of Polycrates[[6]] and Alcidamas,[[7]] the pupil of Gorgias, and of Isocrates himself.[[8]] He engaged in literary studies along with Aesion of Athens and the philosopher Theopompus of Chios.[[9]] He also studied with Eubulides the dialectician and Plato. He died as an exile in Calauria, in the temple of Poseidon, because of Antipater of Macedon; he took the poison he carried in his ring, aged 62.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Demosthenes (16); NP Demosthenes (2); OCD3 Demosthenes. Cf. [D455] and [D456] Demosthenes.
[[2]] [E3045] Hermippus.
[[3]] RE Kallistratos (1); OCD3 Callistratus (2).
[[4]] [I620] Isaeus.
[[5]] [Z130] Zoilus.
[[6]] RE Polykrates (7); OCD3 Polycrates (2).
[[7]] [A1283] Alcidamas.
[[8]] [I652] Isocrates.
[[7]] [Th172] Theopompus.
=====
[D455] Demosthenes, the orator, was a man of outstanding ability in reflection and in the expression of his thoughts; hence, too, he was regarded as the most eloquent among his contemporaries, since he was most competent in inferring what was not apparent and in explaining what he had understood. In all that he tried to say or do in defence of the public interest, although he did not live at a time propitious for the reputation of political leaders, he alone among Athenians of his own time spoke out freely against the Macedonian tyrants; they saw him as someone impossible to bribe, at a time when it so happened that those in the other cities who, because they desired enrichment more than the public good, were bought by gifts of money, for the sake of their own gain placed what they saw as their own immediate interest before what was in the common interest. Hence, even the things for which they later blamed him were forgiven by the Athenians, and they welcomed him back again and relied on his advice in everything. And the nobility of his death most of all caused them to regret openly their decisions. Not long after the news came of Demosthenes' death, they went back on decisions they had taken more for fear of Macedon than with full integrity of judgement, and they voted to grant immunity from taxation to the eldest member of Demosthenes' family, and to set up a bronze image of him in the agora; and they inscribed an elegy on the base of the statue: 'If your power had been equal to your judgement, Demosthenes, never would the Ares of Macedon have ruled the Greeks.'
Sources: Arrian Historia Successorum Alexandri fr. 23 Roos-Wirth (FGrH 156F176a).
=====
[D456] Demosthenes,[[1]] a knife-maker; of the deme Paeania; Demosthenes the rhetor was his son.
[b] When he was orphaned he had three guardians, Aphobus, Demophon and Therippides; they neglected him and his property, so he put himself into the hands of Isaeus as his teacher. He was so dedicated to work that they say he shut himself in house and shaved part of his head, to stop himself going out or receiving visitors. When he had finished his education, he brought a successful guardianship action against his guardians. He wanted to be a sophist, but gave this up because he was slandered in connection with Moschus, a young man of good family. He began to act as a speech-writer, but was again slandered as having disclosed the opposing speeches to Apollodorus and Phormio. So he gave this up as well, and entered politics. He had a speech impediment, and moved his shoulder in an undignified way; his hearing was weak, and his breath inadequate. He corrected all these faults by practice. Because he was not good at delivery he was coached in this as well by Andronicus. He served as khoregos and trierarch, ransomed prisoners and helped people provide for their daughters' marriage. When he was serving as khoregos he was struck by Meidias, but (they say) took a 3000 drachma bribe to drop the case. He brought a case for wounding against his cousin Demaenetus, and (they say) agreed to a reconciliation. He proposed to the wife of the general Chabrias after Chabrias' death, and married the daughter of Ctesippus. In politics he opposed Philip. When Philip attacked Thebes, he successfully argued for an alliance; they were defeated at Chaeronea, losing 1000 dead and 2000 captured. He had a much-loved daughter, and was grieved by her death; but when the sorrow was a week old, news came that Philip had been killed by Pausanias, and he changed his clothes and sacrificed to the gods. He was also opposed politically to Alexander, Philip's son. When Harpalus stole a large sum of money from Alexander and took refuge in Athens, Demosthenes was thought to have received a share; he went into exile in Troezen. After Alexander's death in Babylon, Demosthenes was recalled and returned home. Antipater, as ruler of Greece, sent to demand the surrender of the ten orators; the Athenians agreed to their surrender, and Demosthenes went into exile in Sicily. The actor Archias, sent against him by Antipater, dragged him from the temple of Poseidon, which was an asylum; but he had poison under the seal on his ring, and died with a groan.
Notes:
[[1]] Father of [D454] Demosthenes. But everything after the introductory sentence is concerned with the son.
=====
[D457] Demosthenes, of Thrace.[[1]] He wrote a paraphrase of the Iliad in prose; an epitome of Damagetus of Heraclea; On Dithyrambic Poets; paraphrase of Hesiod's Theogony.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Demosthenes (10).
=====
[D872] Didymus,[[1]] son of Didymus, a fishmonger. A grammarian of the school of Aristarchus;[[2]] of Alexandria. He lived in the time of Antony and Cicero, and until Augustus. He was called 'Bronze-guts' [Khalkenteros] because of his indefatigable industry with regard to books; they say he wrote more than 3500 books.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Didymos (8); NP Didymos (1); OCD3 Didymus (1).
[[2]] [A3892] Aristarchus.
Bibliography:
P.M. Fraser Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford 1972) 471-4
L. Pearson and S. Stephens Didymi in Demosthenem commenta (Stuttgart 1983)
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 274-9
M. Schmidt Didymi Chalcenteri grammatici Alexandrini fragmenta quae supersunt omnia (Leipzig 1854)
=====
[D873] Didymus, the younger;[[1]] of Alexandria. Grammarian. He was a sophist in Rome. He wrote Pithana; On Orthography; and very many other excellent works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Didymos (9); NP Didymos (2).
=====
[D874] Didymus, surnamed Claudius.[[1]] Grammarian. On Errors against Analogy in Thucydides; On Analogy among the Romans; epitome of Heracleon;[[2]] and certain other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Didymos (10); NP Didymos (3); OCD3 Didymus (2).
[[2]] [H455] Heracleon.
=====
[D875] Didymus,[[1]] son of Heraclides. Grammarian. He spent time with Nero, and was a businessman. He was a very good musician, with a talent for singing.
Notes:
[[1]] Possibly = RE Didymos (11); NP Didymos (4); OCD3 Didymus (3).
=====
[D876] Didymus, of Alexandria.[[1]] Georgics (in 15 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Didymos (12).
=====
[D1063] Dicaearchus, of Lacedaemon.[[1]] Grammarian. Pupil of Aristarchus.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Dikaiarchos (4).
[[2]] [A3892] Aristarchus.
=====
[D1098] dikeliston kai mimelon: It is a kind of comedy, as Sosibius of Laconia says.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] See [S859] Sosibius.
=====
[D1139] Diogenianus, of Heraclea in Pontus.[[1]] Grammarian. He lived under the emperor Hadrian.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Diogenianos (4); NP Diogenianos (2); OCD3 Diogenianus (2). Cf. [D1140] Diogenianus. Probably identical with [D1140] Diogenianus.
=====
[D1140] Diogenianus,[[1]] of the other Heraclea (not in Pontus). Grammarian. He too lived under the emperor Hadrian. (The possibility has to be considered that he is the doctor from Albace Heraclea in Caria, since he was an expert on literature[[2]] in general; for I have not found it stated explicitly that he was from Heraclea in Pontus, though that is the opinion of some.) His books are as follows: Miscellaneous Lexicon (alphabetically arranged, in 5 books: this is an epitome of Pamphilus' Lexicon, in 405 books, and of Zopyrion);[[3]] Anthology of Epigrams; works on rivers, harbours, springs, mountains and mountain ridges; On Rivers (alphabetically arranged), a description in epitome; Collection and Table of Cities throughout the World; and so on.
Notes:
[[1]] Probably identical (despite the compiler's doubts) with [D1139] Diogenianus.
[[2]] Reading logios (Toup) for logos.
[[3]] Pamphilus' lexicon was a continuation of that of Zopyrion (RE Zopyrion (2)): see [P142] Pamphilus.
=====
[D1146] Diogenes or Diogenianus, of Cyzicus.[[1]] Grammarian. He wrote Ancestral Customs of Cyzicus; On the Signs in Books; On the Art of Poetry; On Letters. Collection and Table of Cities throughout the World; and so on.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Diogenes (39); FGrH 474.
=====
[D1150] Diodorus, surnamed Valerius.[[1]] Philosopher; a pupil of Telecles;[[2]] of Alexandria. Son of Polio the philosopher,[[3]] who wrote the Attic lexicon. He lived under the Caesar Hadrian.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Diodoros (46).
[[2]] The only attested philosopher of this name (RE Telekles (2)) dates to the third century BC; it is possible that Valerius Diodorus has been confused with one of his pupils.
[[3]] [P2166] Polio.
=====
[D1171] Dionysius, of Halicarnassus;[[1]] lived under Caesar Hadrian. Sophist. He was called 'Musician', because of his expertise in music. He wrote 24 books of treatises on rhythm; a history of music in 36 books, in which he mentions all manner of aulos-players, citharodes and poets; 22 books on musical education or the musical way of life; Plato's Observations on Music in the Republic (5 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Dionysios (142); NP Dionysios (20).
=====
[D1172] Dionysius,[[1]] of Alexandria; but a Thracian on the side of his father Terus, called Terus; a pupil of Aristarchus.[[2]] Grammarian. He was a sophist in Rome under Pompey the Great, and taught the elder Tyrannio.[[3]] He composed very many works on grammar, treatises and commentaries.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Dionysios (134); NP Dionysios (17); OCD3 Dionysius (15); FGrH 512.
[[2]] [A3892] Aristarchus.
[[3]] [T1184] Tyrannio.
Bibliography:
P.M. Fraser Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford 1972) 469-70
K. Linke Die Fragmente des Grammatikers Dionysios Thrax (SGLG 3, Berlin 1977)
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 266-72
=====
[D1173] Dionysius, of Alexandria;[[1]] son of Glaucus. Grammarian. From Nero onwards he was a companion of the emperors until Trajan. He was director of the libraries, and was secretary with responsibility for correspondence, embassies and rescripts. He was the teacher of the grammarian Parthenius,[[2]] and a pupil of the philosopher Chaeremon,[[3]] whose successor he was in Alexandria.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Dionysios (138).
[[2]] RE Parthenios (16).
[[3]] RE Chairemon (7); NP Chairemon (2); OCD3 Chaeremon (2); FGrH 618.
=====
[D1174] Dionysius, son of Alexander; of Halicarnassus.[[1]] Rhetor, and an expert on literature in general. He lived under Caesar Augustus, and was an ancestor of the Atticist who lived under Hadrian.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Dionysios (113); NP Dionysios (18); OCD3 Dionysius (7); PIR2 D 102; FGrH 251.
[[2]] Aelius Dionysius: NP Dionysios (21); OCD3 Dionysius (3).
=====
[D1208] Dioscorius, of Myra.[[1]] Grammarian. Prefect of the city and praetorian prefect. He was tutor to the daughters of the emperor Leon in Byzantium.
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE II Disocorides = Dioscorus (5). Brother of [N394] = [N395] Nicolaus.
=====
[D1209] Dioscuri: Castor and Pollux.[[1]] Aelian: 'And there were also two statues of the Dioscuri, large youths, with no beard on their cheeks, similar in appearance, each of them wearing a military cloak over their shoulders; they held spears upright beside them, on which they were leaning, one of them on his right hand, the other on his left.'
Sources: Aelian fr. 61
Notes:
[[1]] [K469] Castor; [P1951] Pollux. RE Dioskuroi; NP Dioskuroi; OCD3 Dioscuri.
=====
[D1240] Dio, son of Pasicrates; of Prusa.[[1]] Sophist and philosopher; they called him 'Golden Mouth' [khrysostomos]. He affected gravity to such an extent that he went out wearing a lion's skin. He was physically slight, and he spent much of his time with the Caesar Trajan, so that he even sat with him in the imperial chariot. He wrote Is the Cosmos Perishable?; encomia of Heracles and Plato; In Defence of Homer against Plato ( books); On the Virtues of Alexander (5 books). He attacks Homer for falsifying his record of the Trojan war.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Dion (18); NP Dion (3); OCD3 Dio Cocceianus; PIR2 D93; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.7.
[[2]] Dio Or. 11.
=====
[D1496] Draco, of Stratonicea.[[1]] Grammarian. Technica; Orthography; On Nouns According to Conjugation; On Antonyms; On Metres; On Satyrs; On Pindar's Lyric Poems; On Sappho's Metres; On Alcaeus' Lyric Poems.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Drakon (13); NP Drakon (3); OCD3 Dracon.
=====
[Ai178] Aelian,[[1]] of Praeneste in Italy. High-priest and sophist; surnamed Claudius. He was nicknamed 'honey-tongued' or 'honey-voiced'. He was a sophist in Rome itself in the time of Hadrian.
[[1]] RE Aelianus (11); NP Ailianos (2); OCD3 Aelian; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.31.
Bibliography:
J.F. Kindstrand 'Claudius Aelianus und sein Werk' ANRW II 34.4 (1998) 2954-96
=====
[Ai347] Aeschines,[[1]] of Athens. Rhetor. Son of Atrometus and Glaucothea; he studied rhetoric with Alcidamas of Elea.[[2]] Some have written that his parents were slaves. When, collaborating in some legal case, he corrupted the jury, he was thrown into jail with them and died of drinking hemlock; their property was publicly sold, as if they were childless. However, he settled in Rhodes and taught there after he had been beaten by Demosthenes in the case concerning the crown. He was the very first whose improvisation excited the cry, 'Your speech is inspired!', as if he were possessed.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aischines (15); NP Aischines (1); OCD3 Aeschines (1); Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.18. Identical with [Ai348] Aeschines.
[[2]] [A1283] Alcidamas.
=====
[Ai348] Aeschines, of Athens;[[1]] son of the elementary teacher Atrometus and Leucothea the priestess. He himself was an actor, a secretary, then an orator and a traitor (he betrayed Cersobleptes and the Phocians). He prosecuted Ctesiphon for violating the constitution when he proposed that Demosthenes be crowned; he lost the case, and went into exile in Rhodes, where he taught.
Notes:
[[1]] Identical with [Ai347] Aeschines.
=====
[E359] Hecataeus, of Abdera.[[1]] Philosopher; he was nicknamed 'critic', 'grammarian', as having a grammatical training. He lived in the time of the Successors. His books are as follows: On the Poetry of Homer and Hesiod.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Hekataios (4); OCD3 Hecataeus (2); FGrH 254
=====
[E431] Hecebolius.[[1]] Sophist of Constantinople. Although under Constantine he pretended to be an ardent Christian, under Julian he revealed himself as an unreasoning Greek. He threw himself before the gate of the oratory and shouted 'Trample on me, the salt without flavour'.[[2]] That is how vacuous and reckless Hecebolius was, both before and after.
Sources: Socrates Ecclesiastical History 3.13
Notes:
[[1]] RE Hekebolios; PLRE I Hecebolius.
[[2]] Cf. Matthew 5.13, Mark 9.50, Luke 14.34.
=====
[E732] Helladius, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian. He lived under the emperor Theodosius the younger. Use of all Kinds of Diction (alphabetically arranged); Description of Ambition; Dionysus, or Muse; Description of the Baths of Constantius; Praise of the Emperor Theodosius.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Helladios (3); PLRE II Helladius (2).
=====
[E851] Heliconius. Sophist; of Byzantium.[[1]] Chronological Epitome, from Adam to the Time of Theodosius the Great (10 books).
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE I Heliconius.
=====
[E1789] exomereusamenos [having taken hostages]. Administering well. 'Having taken hostages [exomereusamenos], he secured the city with a garrison'; so exomereusamenos in the sense 'make an agreement'.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] The illustrative quotation (source unidentified) seems to have been misunderstood; compare [O244] homereuein; [E1790] exomereusamenoi.
=====
[E1790] exomereusamenoi [having taken hostages]. Bringing round to one's own opinion. 'Having taken as hostages [exomereusamenos] in this way most of the ruling class, they entered enthusiastically into the war.'[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] The illustrative quotation (source unidentified) seems to have been misunderstood; compare [O244] homereuein; [E1789] exomereusamenos.
=====
[E1868] ex hupoguou [immediately]: at once, without investigation, closely. 'He was the offspring ultimately of the holy Marcella, and immediately on his father's side of Ecdicius, the rhetor.'[[1]]
Sources: Damascius Life of Isidore fr. 115 Zintzen
Notes:
[[1]] Cf. [Th209] Theon.
=====
[E2004] Epaphroditus,[[1]] of Chaeronea. Grammarian. He was a slave born in the house of the grammarian Archias of Alexandria,[[2]] who educated him; he was then bought by Modestus, governor of Egypt, and taught his son Petelinus. He spent time in Rome under Nero and until Nerva; this was the time when Ptolemy son of Hephaestion[[3]] was alive, and numerous other distinguished figures in education. By constantly buying books he acquired 30,000 volumes, all of them serious and recondite. Physically he was large and dark, like an elephant. He lived in the so-called Phainianokoria,[[4]] where he bought two houses. He died at the age of 75, having fallen ill with dropsy. He left behind a considerable body of writings.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Epaphroditos (5); NP Epaphroditos (3); OCD3 Epaphroditus (2).
[[2]] RE Archias (21); NP Archias (8).
[[3]] [P3037] Ptolemy.
[[4]] Not identified
Bibliography:
J. Christes Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im Antiken Rom (Wiesbaden 1979) 103-4
E. Lünzner Epaphroditi grammatici quae supersunt (diss. Bonn 1866)
=====
[E2143] epeisodion:[[1]] That which is introduced into plays as an additional element and an amplification of the play. Eunapius: 'to this, as if to a great and terrible play, god added the no less serious episode of Musonius'.[[2]] And in the Epigrams: 'The colours of chalk and the added [epeisodion] flower of rouge delight me'.[[3]] And again: 'garlic cloves and pears and pomegranates and bunches of grapes, abundant added pleasures [epeisodia] for the stomach of wine-drinkers'.[[4]]
Notes:
[[1]] Cf. [E2144]. On the term's usage see Heath (1989), index s.v. epeisodion.
[[2]] Eunapius fr. 43.3 Blockley. Cf. [M1306] Musonius.
[[3]] AP 5.19.2f.
[[4]] AP 6.232.5f.
Bibliography:
M. Heath Unity in Greek Poetics (Oxford 1989)
=====
[E2144] epeisodion:[[1]] That which is inserted into the play for the sake of laughter, though it is outside the subject-matter. Catachrestically, every matter that is outside the question at issue.
Notes:
[[1]] Cf. [E2143].
=====
[E2741] Epiphanius,[[1]] son of Ulpian;[[2]] of Petra. Sophist. He taught there and in Athens. He wrote On Similarities and Differences of the Issues; progymnasmata; declamations; Demarchs; Polemarchicus; epideictic speeches; and other assorted investigations.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Epiphanios (8); NP Epiphanios (4); PLRE I Epiphanius (1); Eunapius Lives of the Sophists 493-4.
[[2]] Cf. [O911], [O912] Ulpian.
Bibliography:
S. Gloeckner Quaestiones Rhetoricae (Breslauer Philologische Abhandlungen 8.2, 1901) 93-4
=====
[E2898] Eratosthenes,[[1]] son of Aglaus (others say Ambrosius); of Cyrene. A pupil of the philosopher Ariston of Chios, the grammarian Lysanias of Cyrene, and Callimachus the poet.[[2]] Ptolemy III summoned him from Athens, and he lived until Ptolemy V. Because he came second in every branch of learning to those who had reached the highest level, he was nicknamed 'platforms'.[[3]] Others called him a second or new Plato, or the 'pentathlete'. He was born in the 126th Olympiad, and died aged 80, giving up food because of his declining eye-sight. He left a distinguished pupil, Aristophanes of Byzantium,[[4]] whose pupil Aristarchus was in turn.[[5]] His pupils were Mnaseas, Menander and Aristis. He wrote philosophical works, poems and histories; Astronomy, or Catasterisms; On the Philosophical Sects; On Freedom from Pain; many dialogues; and numerous grammatical works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Eratosthenes (4); OCD3 Eratosthenes; FGrH 241.
[[2]] [K227] Callimachus.
[[3]] bemata, a mistake for beta (the letter which comes second in the alphabet).
[[4]] [A3933] Aristophanes.
[[5]] [A3892] Aristarchus.
Bibliography:
P.M. Fraser Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford 1972) 456-8, 525-39
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 152-70
=====
[E3024] Hermagoras, of Temnos in Aeolia;[[1]] nicknamed Carion. Rhetor. Art of Rhetoric (5 books); On Treatment; On Propiety; On Expression; On Figures. He taught alongside Caecilius[[2]] in Rome under Caesar Augustus, and died at an advanced age.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Hermagoras (5); OCD3 Hermagoras.
[[2]] [K1165] Caecilius. Hermagoras of Temnos (second century BC) has here been confused with a later homonym, a pupil of Theodorus of Gadara (RE Hermagoras (6)).
Bibliography:
D. Matthes 'Hermagoras von Temnos' Lustrum 3 (1958) 58-214
D. Matthes Hermagorae Temnitae Testimonia et Fragmenta (Teubner 1962)
=====
[E3045] Hermippus, of Beytus;[[1]] from an inland village. Pupil of Philo of Byblos[[2]], by whom he was placed in the household of Herennius Severus,[[3]] in the time of the emperor Hadrian; he was of servile descent. He was a great expert on literature, and wrote many works. He also wrote On Dreams.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Hermippos (8); OCD3 Hermippus (3).
[[2]] [Ph447] Philo.
[[3]] RE Herennius (45)
Bibliography:
J. Christes Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im Antiken Rom (Wiesbaden 1979) 137-40
=====
[E3046] Hermogenes, of Tarsus;[[1]] nicknamed Xyster.[[2]] Sophist. The philosopher Musonius[[3]] attended his classes. He lived under the emperor Marcus, and had great natural talent. When he was lacking in years his wisdom by contrast abounded; but he did not enjoy this for long, since at the age of about 24 he went out of his mind and did not know himself, although there was no cause and no physical ailment. Consequently some made the following joke about this poor, poor person: 'Hermogenes, an old man among boys and a boy among old men.' But aged about 18 or 20 he wrote these books, laden with marvels, the Art of Rhetoric, which is in everyone's hands; On Issues (1 book); On Types of Styles (2 books); On Coele Syria (2 books).
[b] Philostratus of Lemnos, in his Descriptions of the Sophists, has this to say about him[[4]]: 'Hermogenes, whom Tarsus bore, when he was 15 years old had advanced to such great fame as a sophist as to make even the emperor Marcus desire to hear him. So Marcus went to hear him; he was delighted by his informal discourse and amazed by his improvisation, and gave him splendid gifts. But when he reached adulthood he was deprived of his ability, though not by any apparent disease. Hence he gave the envious an opportunity for humour: they said that words are winged, just as Homer says; for Hermogenes had moulted them like feathers. And the sophist Antiochus[[5]] once mocked him by saying: 'This is Hermogenes, an old man among boys and a boy among old men.' The type of style which he cultivated was like this. In his informal discourse before Marcus he said: 'See, emperor, a rhetor still needing a pedagogue, a rhetor still awaiting his prime.' And the informal discourse contained many similar pieces of buffoonery. He died at an advanced age, but considered as one of the crowd; he was despised, because his art had left him.'
[c] This is also said about him by some people: after his death he was cut open, and his heart was found to be covered in hair and far to exceed in size the human nature. These are the stories that are told about him.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Hermogenes (22); OCD3 Hermogenes (2); PIR2 H149.
[[2]] = 'rasp, plane'.
[[3]] Probably the Athenian Stoic mentioned in Porphyry Life of Plotinus 20 (RE Musonios (17)). This and other details in the present article are discussed in Heath (forthcoming).
[[4]] Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.7, 577-8.
[[5]] Antiochus of Aegae: RE Antiochos (65); Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.4.
Bibliography:
M. Heath Hermogenes On Issues (Oxford 1995)
M. Heath 'Hermogenes' biographers' (Eranos, forthcoming)
G. Lindberg 'Hermogenes of Tarsus' ANRW II 34.3 (1997) 1978-2063
H. Rabe 'Aus Rhetoren Handschriften: 1. Nachrichten über das Leben des Hermogenes' RM 62 (1907) 247-62
H. Rabe (ed.) Prolegomenon Sylloge (Leipzig 1931) xiv-xix
C. Wooten Hermogenes On Types of Style (Chapel Hill 1987)
=====
[E3047] hermokopidae: They mutilated the herms when the Sicilian expedition was about to put to sea.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] In 415 BC; cf. Thucydides 5.27.
=====
[E3048] Hermolaus.[[1]] Grammarian; of Constantinople. He wrote an epitome of the Ethnica of Stephanus the grammarian, dedicated to the emperor Justinian.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Hermolaos (2).
=====
[E3363] Evagoras, of Lindos.[[1]] Historian. He wrote a Life of Timagenes, and other short works; Thucydidean Enquiries (alphabetically arranged); Art of Rhetoric (5 books); Questions in Thucydides (arranged by word); a history covering the queens of Egypt.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Euagoras (12); FGrH 619.
=====
[E3394] Eugenius,[[1]] son of Trophimus; of Augustopolis in Phrygia. Grammarian. He taught in Constantinople, and achieved great distinction, when he was already elderly, under the emperor Anastasius. He wrote a colometry of lyrics by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides from 15 plays; on what the paeonic palimbaccheus is; on the formation of names for temples (e.g. Dionyseum, Asclepium); Assorted Lexicon (alphabetically arranged: appended to it is a list of the entries surprising in respect of accent, breathing, spelling, story or proverb); On Nouns in -ia (e.g. endeia or endia), and when they differ; and certain other works in iambic trimeters.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Eugenios (10); PLRE II Eugenius (2).
=====
[E3407] Eudaemon, of Pelusium.[[1]] Grammarian. Contemporary of the sophist Libanius,[[2]] with whom he seems to have corresponded a great deal. He wrote various poems; an Art of Grammar; Onomatike; Orthography.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Eudaimon (8); PLRE I Eudaemon (3); O. Seeck Die Briefe des Libanios (Leipzig 1906) 131, Eudaemo (I).
[[2]] [L486] Libanius.
=====
[E3411] Eudemus.[[1]] Rhetor. He wrote various works, including an alphabetically arranged work On the Vocabulary Used by the Orators and the Most Literary Historians - very useful!
Notes:
[[1]] RE Eudemos (15); PLRE I Eudemus (1).
Bibliography:
B. Niese 'Excerpta ex Eudemi codice Parisino n. 2635' Philologus Suppl. 15 (1922) 145-60
=====
[E3738] Eusebius, of Arabia.[[1]] Sophist. As a sophist he too was a rival of Ulpian.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Eusebios (37); PLRE I Eusebius (5).
[[2]] [O912] Ulpian.
=====
[E3750] Eustephius, of Aphrodisias.[[1]] Sophist. One of the distinguished members of the oratory at Adrotta, which is in Lydia. He wrote declamations.
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE II Eustephius.
=====
[E3755] Eustochius,[[1]] of Cappadocia. Sophist. He wrote about the reign of the emperor Constans, and the archaeology of Cappadocia and other nations.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Eustochios (2); PLRE I Eustochius (2) FGrH 738.
=====
[E3775] Eutropius,[[1]] of Italy. Sophist. Epitome of Roman History (in Latin). He also wrote other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Eutropios (10); OCD3 Eutropius (1); PLRE I Eutropius (2).
=====
[Z73] Zenobius.[[1]] Sophist. He taught in Rome under the Caesar Hadrian. He wrote an epitome of the proverbs of Didymus and Tarrhaeus (3 books); a Greek translation of the Histories of the Roman historian Sallust, and of those of his works known as Bella;[[2]] Genethliacon to Caesar Hadrian; etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Zenobios (2).
[[2]] Latin 'wars': i.e. the Jugurthine War and the Catlinarian War.
=====
[Z74] Zenodotus, of Ephesus.[[1]] Epic poet and grammarian. A pupil of Philetas;[[2]] he lived under Ptolemy I. He was the first textual critic of Homer's works, and was director of the libraries in Alexandria. He also taught Ptolemy's children.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Zenodotos (3); OCD3 Zenodotus.
[[2]] [Ph332] Philetas.
Bibliography:
P.M. Fraser Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford 1972) 450-1
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 105-119
=====
[Z75] Zenodotus, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian, called 'the one in the city'. On the Passages of Homer Athetised by Aristarchus; he wrote against Plato on the gods; On Homeric Usage; Solutions of Difficulties in Homer; Commentary on Hesiod's Theogony; and numerous other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Zenodotos (2).
=====
[Z81] Zeno,[[1]] of Citium. It is not clear whether he was a rhetor or a philosopher.[[2]] He wrote On Issues; On Figures; commentary on Xenophon, on Lysias, on Demosthenes; On Epicheiremes.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Zenon (9-10). He is probably the rhetor mentioned in Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.24, and his On Issues the work epitomised by Sulpicius Victor (RLM 313.2-4 Halm).
[[2]] Confusing the rhetor with the Stoic [Z79] Zeno of Citium (RE Zenon (2); OCD3 Zeno (2)); the rhetor's ethnic may therefore be an error.
Bibliography:
M. Heath 'Zeno the rhetor and the thirteen staseis' Eranos 92 (1994) 17-22
=====
[Z115] Zobia. A proper name. {See under Aristogiton son of Scudimus.[[1]]}
Notes:
[[1]] [A3913] Aristogiton.
=====
[Z130] Zoilus,[[1]] of Amphipolis. (Amphipolis is a city of Macedonia, which was originally called Ennea Hodoi.) He was nicknamed 'Scourge of Homer' [Homeromastix], because he made fun of Homer - for which reason the people in Olympia chased him and threw him off the Scironian rocks He was a rhetor and philosopher, but he also wrote a number of grammatical works: Against the Poetry of Homer (9 speeches); a history from the birth of the gods to the death of Philip (3 books); On Amphipolis; Against the Rhetor Isocrates; and very many other works, including an invective against Homer.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Suppl. 13, Zoilos (14); OCD3 Zoilus; FGrH 71.
=====
[Z169] Zosimus, of Gaza or Ascalon.[[1]] Sophist. In the time of the emperor Anastasius. He wrote a Rhetorical Lexicon (alphabetically arranged); commentary on Demosthenes, and on Lysias.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Zosimos (7); PLRE II Zosimus (4).
=====
[Ei190] Irenaeus, also called Pacatus in Latin.[[1]] Pupil of Heliodorus the metricist;[[2]] grammarian; of Alexandria. On the Athenian Processional Escort; On the Alexandrian Dialect, that it is derived from Attic (7 books); Attic Nouns (3 books); Attic Usage in Diction and Prosody, alphabetically arranged (3 books); Canons of Hellenism (1 book); On Atticism (1 book); and many other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Eirenaios (7); NP Eirenaios (1). Identical with [P29] Pacatus.
[[2]] RE Heliodoros (16); OCD3 Heliodorus (2).
=====
[Ei324] eis Troizena dei badizein ('You need a walk to Troezen'): it is said with reference to pupil with poor or sparse beards. For Pogon[[2]] is a harbour in Troezen.
Notes:
[[1]] Cf. pogon, 'beard'. The proverb also appears in [Th462].
=====
[H455] Heracleon,[[1]] of Egypt (from the village Tiloteus, which is subject to Heracleopolis). Grammarian. He taught in Rome. He wrote a commentary on Homer (organised by book) and on the lyric poets; On Imperative Verbs in Homer.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Herakleon (5).
Bibliography:
R. Berndt Die Fragmente des Homererklarers Herakleon (Prog. Insterburg 1914)
=====
[H462] Heraclides,[[1]] of Oxyrhynchus. Philosopher; the son of Sarapion; he was nicknamed Lembus. He lived under Ptolemy VI, who made the treaty with Antiochus. He wrote philosophical and other works.
[b] Heraclides of Lycia,[[2]] the sophist, said: 'Nicetes purified', unaware that he was fitting the spoils of the Pygmies onto a colossus. This proverb perhaps refers to people who try to bring together things that are incompatible, and especially when we compare tiny things to huge ones.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Herakleides (51); OCD3 Heraclides (3).
[[2]] RE Herakleides (44); PIR2 H87; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.26. Cf. [A1002] akrothinia; [N387] Nicetes.
=====
[H463] Heraclides,[[1]] son of Heraclides; of Pontus, from Heraclea in Pontus. Grammarian. He attended the school of the famous Didymus[[2]] in Alexandria. When he heard that Aper, the pupil of Aristarchus,[[3]] was achieving distinction in Rome, and that Didymus was widely denigrated, he wrote 3 books in sapphics or phalaecians, difficult to understand and posing serious difficulties in the questions to which it gave rise; he called them Leschai. He took them to Rome and outshone Aper; he remained there as head of school under Claudius and Nero. He also wrote many epic poems.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Herakleides (49); OCD3 Heraclides (5).
[[2]] [D872] Didymus.
[[3]] RE Aper (6). [A3892] Aristarchus. Aper, not otherwise attested, is possibly an error for Anteros, identified as a contemporary of Heraclides in [A2634]. Anteros is described as a pupil of Apion Mochthus, not Aristarchus; but the reference to Aristarchus must be a mistake in any case (no pupil of Aristarchus, who died shortly after he left Alexandria in 145 BC, could still have been active under Claudius),
=====
[H545] Herodes,[[1]] surnamed Julius, son of Atticus the son of Plutarch[[2]], a member of the Aeacid family; an Athenian, of the deme Marathon. Sophist. He was extremely wealthy, so much so that he built a stadium and a roofed theatre for the Athenians. His father was governor of Asia, and was included among those who held the consulship twice. He lived under the emperors Trajan, Hadrian and Marcus Antoninus, and was taught by Favorinus[[3]] and Polemo.[[4]] He wrote Ephemerides, an extremely learned composition, and letters and improvisatory speeches; Philostratus mentions them in the Lives of the Sophists. Hadrian[[5]] the sophist succeeded him as head of his school. Herodes was a contemporary of the sophist Aristides.[[6]] Very many other works by him are preserved, in which the greatness and elevation of his spirit can be observed and are displayed throughout. He died of consumption aged about 76.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Herodes (13) = Claudius (72); OCD3 Claudius Atticus Herodes (2); PIR2 C802; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.1.
[[2]] See RE Claudius (71). Herodes' grandfather's name was in fact Hipparchus.
[[3]] [Ph4] Favorinus.
[[4]] [P1889] Polemo.
[[5]] [A528] Hadrian.
[[6]] [A3902] Aristides.
=====
[H546] Herodian,[[1]] of Alexandria. Grammarian; son of the grammarian Apollonius, who was nicknamed Dyscolus.[[2]] He lived under the Caesar Antoninus, also called Marcus; so he was younger than Dionysius, the author of the history of music,[[3]] and Philo of Byblos.[[4]] He wrote many works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Herodianos (4); OCD3 Herodian (1).
[[2]] [A3422] Apollonius.
[[3]] [D1171] Dionysius.
[[4]] [Ph447] Philo.
Bibliography:
A.R. Dyck 'Aelius Herodian: recent studies and prospects for future research' ANRW II 34.1 (1993) 772-94
=====
[H552] Hero, son of Cotys; of Athens.[[1]] Rhetor. He wrote about the Athenian legal system; then an exegesis of Dinarchus; commentaries on Herodotus, Xenophon, Thucydides; Approved Words (3 books); epitome of Heraclides' Histories; On the Ancient Orators, and the speeches in which they were victorious when competing against each other.
[b] Proclus entrusted himself to Hero,[[2]] as a pious man thoroughly trained in the educational ways of Alexandria.
Sources: [b] = Marinus Life of Proclus ch. 9
Notes:
[[1]] RE Heron (4).
[[2]] RE Heron (6); PLRE II Heron (2). For Proclus see [P2473].
=====
[H659] Hephaestion, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian. He wrote a Handbook on metres and various works on metre; On Confusions in Poems; Solutions to Difficulties in Comedy; Solutions in Tragedy; and very many other works. Also the scansions of metres.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Hephaestion (7); OCD3 Hephaestion (2).
Bibliography:
M. Consbruch Hephaestionis Enchiridion cum commentariis veteribus (Leipzig 1906)
=====
[I14] Jacob.[[1]] This man drank poison and died under Valens. The person who advised him to drink the poison was Libanius the sophist,[[2]] because he had tried to find out who would succeed Valens as emperor.
Sources: Eunapius fr. 39.2 Blockley
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE I Jacobus (2).
[[2]] [L486] Libanius.
=====
[I52] Jason,[[1]] son of Menecrates; of Nysa on his father's side, of Rhodes on his mother's side. Philosopher. A pupil of the philosopher Posidonius[[2]], and his maternal grandson and successor as head of the school in Rhodes. He wrote Lives of Famous Men; and Successions of Philosophers; and Life of Greece (4 books, according to some). He also wrote On Rhodes.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Iason (11). Gercke (1907) points out that the father cannot be the grammarian Menecrates of Nysa mentioned by Strabo (14.1.48), though he is presumably a member of the same family (on which see also Heath (1998)).
[[2]] [P2107] Posidonius.
Bibliography:
A. Gercke 'War der Schwiegersohn des Poseidonius ein Schüler Aristarchs?' RM 62 (1907) 116-22
M. Heath 'Was Homer a Roman?' PLLS 10 (1998)
=====
[I53] Jason, of Argos.[[1]] Historian, younger than Plutarch of Chaeronea. Grammarian. He wrote On Greece (4 books): this includes the ancient history of Greece, events after the Persian wars, events in the reign of Alexander until his death, and events down to the capture of Athens by Antipater, the father of Cassander.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Iason (12); FGrH 94.
=====
[I84] Ignatius,[[1]] deacon and skeuophylax of the great church in Constantinople; he became metropolitan of Nicaea. Grammarian. He wrote biographies of Tarasius and Nicephorus, the holy and blessed patriarchs; funeral elegies; letters; iambics addressed to Thomas the rebel, which they call Against Thomas; etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Ignatios (2). Tarasius (patriarch 784-806) and Nicephorus (patriarch 806-815) were opponents of the iconoclasts. Thomas the Slav began his attempt to make himself emperor in 820/1.
=====
[I348] Himerius,[[1]] son of the rhetor Ameinias; of Prusa in Bithynia. Sophist; one of those under the emperor Julian. As a teacher he was a rival of Prohaeresius[[2]] in Athens. In his old age he was blind. He wrote declamations.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Himerios (1), with Suppl. 3.1151-3; OCD3 Himerius; PLRE I Himerius (3); Eunapius Lives of the Sophists 494.
[[2]] [P2375] Prohaeresius.
Bibliography:
G.A. Kennedy Greek Rhetoric under Christian Emperors (Princeton 1983) 141-9
=====
[I435] Julian, son of Domnus;[[1]] from Caesarea in Cappadocia. Sophist. He was a contemporary of the sophist Callinicus;[[2]] he lived under the emperor Constantine.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Iulianos (3) = (30); PLRE I Julian (5); Eunapius Lives of the Sophists 482-5.
[[2]] RE Kallinikos (3); PLRE I Callinicus (2); usually distinguished on chronological grounds from [K231] Callinicus.
=====
[I464] John.[[1]] Grammarian; of Alexandria; nicknamed Philoponus. His writings are very numerous, on grammar, philosophy, arithmetic, rhetoric, Holy Scripture; and against the eighteen arguments of Proclus and against Severus.[[2]] However, he was rejected by the doctors of the church as a tritheist, and ejected from the list of the orthodox.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Ioannes (21); OCD3 Philoponus.
[[2]] The work against Proclus is the treatise Against Proclus on the Eternity of the World; the work against Severus is unidentified.
=====
[I543] Hippias,[[1]] son of Diopithes; of Elis. Sophist and philosopher. A pupil of Hegesidamus, who defined self-sufficiency as the end. He wrote a great deal.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Hippias (13); OCD3 Hippias (2); DK 86; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.11.
=====
[I620] Isaeus.[[1]] He is one of the ten orators; a pupil of Isocrates,[[2]] and Demosthenes' teacher; Athenian by birth (but Demetrius[[3]] says he was from Chalcis). He is praised both as an orator and because he advanced Demosthenes for no fee.
[b] The orator Isaeus[[4]] was dissolute as a young man, but later on was moderate. Someone asked him, 'What is the best fish and the best bird to eat?' Isaeus said, 'I have stopped taking those things seriously; I realised that I was picking fruit in Tantalus' garden.' He was, I suppose, showing the questioner that all pleasures are shadows and dreams.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Isaios (1); OCD3 Isaeus (1).
[[2]] [I652] Isocrates.
[[3]] Demetrius Magnes (RE Demetrios (80); NP Demetrios (57); OCD3 Demetrius (16)) fr. 6b Mejer (Hermes 109 (1981) 456).
[[4]] This anecdote (from Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.20) is in fact about the first century AD sophist of the same name (RE Isaios (2); OCD3 Isaeus (2)).
=====
[I629] Isidorus, the elder; of Pelusium;[[1]] a very distinguished man. Philosopher and rhetor. He wrote 3000 letters expounding Holy Scripture, and certain other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Isidoros (23).
=====
[I652] Isocrates,[[1]] son of Theodorus the aulos-maker; of Athens. Rhetor. He lived in the 86th Olympiad, which came after the Peloponnesian War. Because of the weakness of his voice and his lack confidence in public he was not a speaker in the courts; but he taught a very large number of pupils, and wrote 32 speeches. He had lived 106 years when he died. His brothers were Tisippus, Theomnestus and Theodorus. His teacher was Gorgias; others say Tisias, Erginus, Prodicus or Theramenes. His speeches are very numerous.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Isokrates (2); OCD3 Isocrates; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.17.
=====
[I653] Isocrates,[[1]] son of Amyclas the philosopher, of Apollonia in Pontus (or Heraclea, according to Callistratus); the orator.[[2]] Pupil and successor of the great Isocrates;[[3]] he also studied with the philosopher Plato. This Isocrates took part in a rhetorical contest with Theodectes, the orator and tragic poet,[[4]] and Theopompus of Chios,[[5]] and also with Erythraeus of Naucratis,[[6]] to give the funeral speech for Mausolus, the king of Halicarnassus. His speeches are five: Amphictyonic Speech; Protreptic; On Not Making a Tomb for Philip; On Being Resettled; On His Own Political Career.
Notes:
[[1]] Not in RE.
[[2]] Or (with Adler's punctuation) 'according to Callistratus the rhetor'; but this epithet (applied to the Athenian orator mentioned e.g. in [D454]) is not appropriate for the historian of Heraclea (RE Kallistratos (39); FGrH 433), and is not applied to him in [Ph393].
[[3]] [I652] Isocrates.
[[4]] [Th138] Theodectes.
[[5]] [Th172] Theopompus
[[6]] An error for Naucrates of Erythrae (RE Naukrates (2)).
=====
[I654] Isocrates[[1]] said: 'Any man who displays poor judgement in his own affairs will never give sound advice about other people's.'
Notes:
[[1]] [I652] Isocrates; the quotation is from To Demonicus 35.
=====
[Th138] Theodectes,[[1]] son of Aristander; of Phaselis in Lycia. Rhetor; he turned to tragedy. A pupil of Plato, Isocrates[[2]] and Aristotle. In the 103rd Olympiad he and Naucrates of Erythrae,[[3]] and the orator Isocrates of Apollonia,[[4]] and Theopompus,[[5]] delivered a funeral speech for Mausolus at the instigation of his wife Artemisia. He won, gaining much approval for his tragic oration; but others say that Theopompus took first place. He produced 50 plays. He died in Athens at the age of 41; his father was still alive. He also wrote an Art of Rhetoric in verse; and another in prose.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Theodektes (1); OCD3 Theodectes; TrGF 72.
[[2]] [I652] Isocrates.
[[3]] RE Naukrates (2).
[[4]] [I652] Isocrates.
[[5]] [Th172] Theopompus.
=====
[Th139] Theodectes, of Phaselis.[[1]] Rhetor. Son of the foregoing.[[2]] He wrote an encomium of Alexander of Epirus; historical monographs; Barbarian Customs; an Art of Rhetoric (7 books); and many other monographs.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Theodektes (2); FGrH 113.
[[2]] [Th138] Theodectes.
=====
[Th149] Theodorus, of Byzantium.[[1]] Sophist. He was called a 'Daedalus of words' by Plato.[[2]] He wrote Against Thrasybulus; Against Andocides; and certain other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Theodoros (38).
[[2]] Plato Phaedrus 266e4.
=====
[Th151] Theodorus, of Gadara.[[1]] Sophist. Of servile birth. He taught Caesar Tiberius. Since he stood comparison in sophistic contests with Potamo[[2]] and Antipater[[3]] in Rome itself, under Caesar Hadrian his son Antonius became a senator. The books he wrote are On Questions in Pronunciation (3 books); On History (1 book); On Thesis (1 book); On the Similarity of Dialects and its Demonstration (2 books); On the Constitution (2 books); On Coele Syria (1 book); On the Capacity of the Orator (1 book); etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Theodoros (39); OCD3 Theodorus (3).
[[2]] [P2127] Potamo.
[[3]] RE Antipatros (28); NP Antipatros (23).
Bibliography:
R. Granatelli Apollodori Pergameni ac Theodori Gadarei testimonia et fragmenta (Rome 1991)
G.M.A. Grube 'Theodorus of Gadara' AJP 80 (1959) 337-65
=====
[Th166] Theocritus, of Chios.[[1]] Rhetor. Pupil of Metrodorus, of the school of Isocrates.[[2]] He wrote chreiai. He was a political opponent of the historian Theopompus.[[3]] His history of Libya is extant, and remarkable letters.
[b] There is also another Theocritus,[[4]] the son of Praxagoras and Philinna (others say, of Simmichas); of Syracuse (others say that he was from Cos and migrated to Syracuse). He wrote the so-called Bucolics in the Doric dialect. Some also attribute to him the following works: Proetides; Hopes; hymns; funeral songs; elegies and iambi; epigrams. Note that there were three bucolic poets: this Theocritus, Moschus of Sicily,[[5]] and Bion of Smyrna (from an insignificant place called Phlosse).[[6]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Theokritos (2); FGrH 760.
[[2]] RE Metrodoros (24); [I652] Isocrates.
[[3]] [Th172] Theopompus.
[[4]] RE Theokritos (1); OCD3 Theocritus.
[[5]] [M1278] Moschus.
[[6]] RE Bion (6); OCD3 Bion (2).
=====
[Th172] Theopompus, of Chios.[[1]] Rhetor. Son of Damasistratus. He lived in the time when the Athenian archonship was suspended, in the 93rd Olympiad, at the same time as Ephorus,[[2]] the pupil of Isocrates.[[3]] He wrote an epitome of Herodotus' histories (in 2 books); Philippica (in 72 books); History of Greece (they are a sequel to those of Thucydides and Xenophon, and are in 11 books, comprising events from the Peloponnesian War and so on). He wrote a very large number of other works as well.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Theopompos (9); OCD3 Theopompus; FGrH 115.
[[2]] [E3953] Ephorus.
[[3]] [I652] Isocrates.
=====
[Th201] Theophylact.[[1]] Sophist. He was surnamed Simocatta.
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE III Theophylactus (10).
=====
[Th203] Theon,[[1]] of Alexandria. Stoic philosopher; lived under Augustus, along with Arius.[[2]] He wrote a commentary on Apollodorus' Introduction to the Science of Nature;[[3]] On the Arts of Rhetoric (3 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Theon (13).
[[2]] RE Areios (12); NP Areios (1); OCD3 Arius Didymus.
[[3]] Apollodorus of Seleuceia: RE Apollodoros (66); NP Apollodoros (12); OCD3 Apollodorus (8).
=====
[Th206] Theon,[[1]] of Alexandria. Sophist. He was surnamed Aelius. He wrote an Art; On Progymnasmata; commentary on Xenophon, on Isocrates, on Demosthenes; Rhetorical Hypotheses; Questions on the Composition of Discourse; and numerous other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Theon (5); OCD3 Theon (3); PIR2 A 270.
Bibliography:
M. Patillon Aelius Théon: Progymnasmata (Paris 1997)
=====
[Th207] Theon, surnamed Valerius.[[1]] Sophist. Commentary on Andocides.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Theon (6).
=====
[Th208] Theon,[[1]] son of the sophist Gymnasius;[[2]] of Sidon. Sophist. He taught in his home city, and lived under the emperor Constantine; of consular rank, and a proconsul.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Theon (7); PLRE I Theon (1).
[[2]] [G481] Gymnasius.
=====
[Th209] Theon.[[1]] Sophist, specialising in rhetoric. He was the offspring ultimately of the holy Marcella,[[2]] and immediately on his father's side of Ecdicius, also a teacher of the art of rhetoric. This Theon was not particularly acute or quick-witted, but he was a devoted student and extraordinarily hard working; hence he became very learned in a short time, gaining an extensive knowledge both of ancient and of modern history.
Sources: Damascius Life of Isidore fr. 115 Zintzen
Notes:
[[1]] RE Theon (8); PLRE II Theon (4).
[[2]] The wife of [P2098] Porphyry. Cf. [E1868] ex hupoguou.
=====
[Th462] Thrasymachus, of Chalcedon.[[1]] Sophist. (I.e. Chalcedon in Bithynia). He was the first to discover period and colon, and he introduced the modern kind of rhetoric. He was a pupil of the philosopher Plato and of the rhetor Isocrates.[[2]] He wrote deliberative speeches; an Art of Rhetoric; paegnia; Rhetorical Resources.
[b] Scholion of Michael, the Nossaite monk:[[3]] Our city too produced a nature adept at learning; but, so it seems, it is not the place that was the cause but the time, when men of the greatest natural talent flourished. Nowadays people here watch for tunnies and put their trust in nets and fishing-lines; they live to fill their stomachs, 'many places of the jaw',[[4]] thinking about ephemeral matters, and caring little or nothing for eloquence; the office of their high-priest fell to the chief of those who walk to Troezen. Those who know the proverb understand. (For the proverb see 'You need a walk to Troezen'.)[[5]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Thrasymachos (1); OCD3 Thrasymachus; DK 85.
[[2]] [I652] Isocrates.
[[3]] This note has been incorrectly filed: it belongs with [Th584] thunnoskopon ('watching for tunnies').
[[4]] A confused quotation of a comic fragment (adesp. 604 Kassel-Austin), 'empty are many places of the jaw'; explained by Phrynichus (Praep. Soph. 78.23f. de Börries), 'of those who do not have in abundance, so as to fill their jaws'.
[[5]] [Ei324] eis Troizena dei badizein.
=====
[K158] kakozelia. Callinicus of Syria wrote on bad taste [kakozelia] in rhetoric.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] See [K231] Callinicus.
=====
[K171] kakou korakos kakon oion [bad crow, bad egg]. Some say this proverb derives from the bird, because it is not edible itself, and nor is the egg it lays. Others say is comes from Corax of Syracuse,[[1]] who was the first to teach rhetoric. They say that a pupil, named Tisias, taken to court by him for his fee, said: 'If you beat me, I have not learned anything. But if you lose, you will not get your fee.' The jury was astonished by the young man's sophism, and called out 'Bad crow, bad egg'.
Notes:
[[1]] See [K2066] Corax.
=====
[K227] Callimachus,[[1]] son of Battus and Mesatma, of Cyrene. Grammarian. A pupil of the grammarian Hermocrates of Iasus.[[2]] He married the daughter of Euphrates of Syracuse; his sister's son was the younger Callimachus, who wrote on islands in epic verse. He was so diligent that he wrote poems in every metre, and compiled very many works in prose; in fact, he wrote more than 800 books. He lived in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Before he became connected with the king, he taught grammar in Eleusis, a small village in Alexandria. He survived until Ptolemy, called Euergetes, in the 127th Olympiad, in the second year of which Ptolemy Euergetes' reign commenced. His books are as follows: The Coming of Io; Semele; The Founding of Argos; Arcadia; Glaucus; Hopes; satyr plays; tragedies; comedies; lyric poems; Ibus (this is a poem deliberately made obscure and abusive, addressed to one Ibus, who was an enemy of Callimachus: he was in fact Apollonius,[[3]] who wrote the Argonautica); Museum; Tables of Men Distinguished in Every Branch of Learning, and their Works (in 120 books); Table and Description of Teachers in Chronological Order from the Beginning; Table of Democrates' Rare Words and Compositions; Names of the Months by Nation and City; Foundations of Islands and Cities, and their Changes of Name; On the Rivers in Europe; On Astonishing and Paradoxical Things in the Peloponnese and Italy; On the Changes in the Names of Fish; On Winds; On Birds; On Rivers in the Inhabited World; Collection of Marvels in the Whole World, Organised by Place.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Suppl. 5 and 13, Kallimachos (6); OCD3 Callimachus (3).
[[2]] RE Hemrokrates (11).
[[3]] [A3419] Apollonius.
Bibliography:
P.M. Fraser Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford 1972) 452-6, 716-93
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 123-40
=====
[K231] Callinicus,[[1]] son of Gaius; he was also nicknamed Suetorius. Sophist; of Syria or (some say) Arabia - in fact, of Petra. He was sophist in Athens. He wrote To Lupus, On Bad Taste in Rhetoric; Prosphonetikon to Gallienus; To Cleopatra; On the Histories of Alexandria (10 books); Against the Philosophical Sects; On the Renewal of Rome; and a number of other encomia and speeches.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Kallinikos (1), (4); PIR2 C229; PLRE Callinicus (1); FGrH 281. Cf. [G132], [K158]; usually distinguished on chronological grounds from the Callinicus mentioned in [I435].
Bibliography:
A.Stein 'Kallinikos von Petrai' Hermes 58 (1923) 448-56
=====
[K402] {Castor,[[1]] of Rhodes or (as some say) Galatia; others erroneously say he was from Massilia. Rhetor. He was nicknamed 'philo-Roman'. He married the daughter of Deiotarus the senator, who killed him together with his wife, because he had slandered him to Caesar. He wrote Description <of Babylon> and of the Rulers of the Sea (2 books); Errors in Chronology; On Epicheiremes (5 books); On Persuasion (2 books); On the Nile; Art of Rhetoric; and other works.}
Notes:
[[1]] This entry duplicates (and the lacuna is supplied from) [K469] Castor.
=====
[K469] Castor, of Rhodes[[1]] or (as some say) Galatia; others erroneously say he was from Massilia. Rhetor. He was nicknamed 'philo-Roman'. He married the daughter of Deiotarus the senator, who killed him together with his wife, because he had slandered him to Caesar.[[2]] He wrote Description of Babylon and of the Rulers of the Sea (2 books); Errors in Chronology, and On Epicheiremes (5 books); On Persuasion (2 books); On the Nile; Art of Rhetoric; and other works.
[b] On statues of Castor and Pollux see under Dioscuri.[[3]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Kastor (8); OCD3 Castor of Rhodes; FGrH 250. This entry is a duplicate of [K402] Castor.
[[2]] The historian has been conflated with the Galatian ruler Castor, on whom see Strabo 12.5.3; Cicero Pro Rege Deiotaro.
[[3]] See [D1209] Dioscuri.
=====
[K1165] Caecilius,[[1]] of Sicily; of Callantis (Callantis is a city in Sicily). Rhetor. He was a sophist in Rome under Caesar Augustus, and until Hadrian. He was of servile parentage, some say, and his former name was Archagathus. He was of the Jewish faith. His books are numerous: Against the Phrygians (2 books; it is alphabetically arranged);[[2]] Demonstration that Every Word of Elegant Language has been Spoken (it is a selection of words, alphabetically arranged); Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero; How the Attic and Asian Styles Differ; On the Stylistic Character of the Ten Orators; Comparison of Demosthenes and Aeschines; On Demosthenes, which of his speeches are genuine and which misattributed; On Things Said Consistently and Inconsistently with History by the Orators; and very many other works. I am surprised by his being Jewish: a Jew clever in Greek matters.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Caecilius (2); NP Caecilius (5); OCD3 Caecilius (1); PIR2 C14; FGrH 183.
[[2]] Probably a critique of the Asian style in oratory. The next work mentioned presumably demonstrated the classical authors of the vocabulary approved by Caecilius' Atticist taste.
=====
[K1198] Caesar Tiberius.[[1]] He wrote epigrams and an Art of Rhetoric.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Iulius (154); OCD3 Tiberius.
=====
[K1238] Caecilius. Proper name. {See more fully under the diphthong, above.}[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] See [K1165] Caecilius.
=====
[K1449] Cephalion (or Cephalon), of Gergis.[[1]] Rhetor and historian. He lived under Hadrian. He went into exile from his native city because of enmity with its rulers, and lived in Sicily. He wrote miscellaneous histories (9 books, which he entitled Muses) in the Ionian dialect; rhetorical declamations; and certain other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Kephalion (4); FGrH 93.
=====
[K1452] Cephalus, of Athens.[[1]] Rhetor and demagogue. He was the first to attach proems and epilogues. He lived in the time when the archonship was suspended.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Kephalos (3).
=====
[K1482] keitoukeitos: Ulpian, one of the deipnosophists.[[1]] He was called 'Attested-Unattested' [Keitoukeitos] because of his constant challenges: is there attestation for hora ['season'] applied the part of the day? For methusos ['drunk'] applied to a male? For metra ['womb'] applied to the edible food? Is there attestation for suagros ['wild boar'] applied to the pig? He had a private rule not to taste anything before he had asked whether or not it is attested.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] In the Deipnosophists by [A731] Athenaeus; cf. [D359] Deipnosophists.
[[2]] Excerpted from Athenaeus 1, 1d-e. Ulpian of Tyre (on the prosopography of this character see Baldwin (1976)), characterised as an extreme Atticist, is concerned with whether any given usage is attested [keitai] or unattested [ou keitai] in classical Attic authors.
Bibliography:
B. Baldwin 'Athenaeus and his work' AC 19 (1976) 21-42 = Studies in Greek and Roman History and Literature (Amsterdam 1985) 417-38
=====
[K1563] Cephisodemus, of Athens, a voluble rhetor, eloquent in law suits. He was a political opponent of Pericles. 'The Scythian desert':[[1]] the wildness, the ruin; for these Scythians are nomads carried in carts.
Notes:
[[1]] Aristophanes Acharnians 704, of Cephisodemus.
=====
[K1594] Cicero, the rhetor.[[1]] I have written on him under the letter Phi, concerning Fulvia, the wife of Antonius. {See under Fulvia.}[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Tullius (29); NP Cicero; OCD3 Tullius Cicero (1).
[[2]] See [Ph567] Fulvia.
=====
[K1915] Coccus.[[1]] Rhetor. Of Athens; a pupil of Isocrates.[[2]] Rhetorical discourses.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Kokkos.
[[2]] [I652] Isocrates.
=====
[K2066] korax [crow] A kind of bird.
[b] [Corax] Also the rhetor, the inventor of rhetoric, about whom the proverb 'bad crow, bad egg' is said.[[1]]
[c] It is also a kind of device.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Korax (3); OCD3 Corax. See Cole (1991). For the proverb see [K171] kakou korakos kakon oion.
[[2]] 'Crow' was the name of a siege-engine, and of a device for grappling ships in naval battles.
Bibliography:
T. Cole 'Who was Corax?' ICS 16 (1991) 65-84
=====
[K2342] Crates, son of Timocrates; of Mallos.[[1]] Stoic philosopher. He was nicknamed 'Homeric' and 'Critic' because of his intense engagement in grammatical and poetic discourses. He was a contemporary of Aristarchus the grammarian,[[2]] in the time of Ptolemy Philometor. He composed a Textual Criticism of the Iliad and Odyssey (9 books); etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Krates (16); OCD3 Crates (3).
[[2]] [A3892] Aristarchus.
Bibliography:
P.M. Fraser Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford 1972) 465-7
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 238-46
=====
[K2376] Creophylus,[[1]] son of Astycles; of Chios or Samos. Epic poet. Some record that he was Homer's son-in-law (his daughter's husband); others say he was only a friend of Homer, and that in return for his hospitality to Homer he received from him the poem The Capture of Oechalia.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Kreophylos (1).
=====
[K2765] {Quirinus. Proper name. The sophist.[[1]] He was also known as the advocate of the treasury,[[2]] a post he held from the emperor.}
Notes:
[[1]] RE Quirinus (2); Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.29.
[[2]] See [G298] glossa tamieiou.
=====
[L165] Lachares,[[1]] son of Lachares; of Athens. Sophist. A pupil of Heracleon of Athens;[[2]] he taught many pupils, among whom Eustephius,[[3]] Nicolaus[[4]] and Asterius[[5]] are well-known. Floruit under the emperors Marcianus and Leon. He wrote On Colon, Comma and Period; informal discourses; a history according to Cornutus;[[6]] Rhetorical Selections (alphabetically arranged). Lachares the sophist was rather slow of speech, but handsome and fine in appearance; as to virtue, he deserves to be called a philosopher rather than a sophist. He was an especially pious man, and having lost his sight he regained it.[[7]]
Sources: Damascius Life of Isidore fr. 140 Zintzen
Notes:
[[1]] RE Lachares (3) = (4); PLRE II Lachares (2).
[[2]] PLRE II Heracleon; otherwise unattested.
[[3]] [E3750] Eustephius.
[[4]] [N394] and [N395] Nicolaus.
[[5]] PLRE II Asterius (6).
[[6]] Perhaps 'a history <...; Art of Rhetoric> according to Cornutus'. Graeven (1891) argued that the rhetorical treatise known as the Anonymus Seguerianus is an epitome of a work by an early third-century rhetorician named Cornutus, cited in Lachares' On Colon, Comma and Period.
[[7]] Cf. [S799] Superianus
Bibliography:
H. Graeven 'Ein Fragment des Lachares' Hermes 30 (1895) 289-313
J. Graeven Cornuti artis rhetoricae epitome (Berlin 1891)
=====
[L259] Leogoras. Proper name. He was father of Andocides the rhetor.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Leogoras (1). Cf. [A2148] Andocides.
=====
[L265] Leon, son of Leon; of Byzantium.[[1]] Peripatetic philosopher and sophist. A pupil of Plato or (some say) of Aristotle. He wrote about the reign of Philip and Byzantium (7 books); Teuthranticus; On Bessaeus; The Sacred War; On Issues;[[2]] a history of Alexander. He was very fat. On an embassy to Athens he provoked laughter - and achieved the embassy's aim - when he was seen drinking, with an over-sized belly; he was not disturbed by the laughter, and said, 'Why are you laughing, Athenians? Because I am so fat? I have a wife who is much fatter, and when we are at one our bed is large enough for us, but when we argue our whole house is not.' The Athenian people came to an accord, brought to good order by Leon's clever and timely improvisation. This Leon, when he was trying to keep Philip away from Byzantium, was slandered by Philip in a letter to the people of Byzantium that went like this: if I had given Leon all the money he asked me for, I would have taken Byzantium at the first attempt. The people, on hearing this, gathered to attack Leon's house; fearing that he would be stoned by them, he strangled himself; the wretched man gained no advantage from his intelligence and eloquence.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Leon (23), (24); FGrH 132; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.2.
[[2]] The treatise On Issues is more plausibly attributed to [L266] Leon of Alabanda.
=====
[L266] Leon, of Alabanda.[[1]] Rhetor. He wrote on Caria (4 books); on Lycia (2 books); an Art;[[2]] On Issues; The Sacred War between Phocia and Boeotia.[[3]]
Notes:
[[1]] FGrH 278.
[[2]] I.e. Art of Rhetoric.
[[3]] The history of the Sacred War is more plausibly attributed to [L265] Leon of Byzantium.
=====
[L269] Leonas.[[1]] Sophist. An Isaurian by birth; he was highly reputed among the mass of fellow-professionals in Alexandria. He not only allowed Proclus[[2]] to share in his discourses, but thought it right to have him share his house and admitted him to share meals with his wife and children, as if he was himself his legitimate son. He also introduced him to those who held the reins of Egypt.
Sources: Marinus Life of Proclus ch. 8
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE II Leonas.
[[2]] [P2473] Proclus.
=====
[L486] Libanius.[[1]] Sophist; of Antioch, in the time of the emperor Julian, down to the elder Theodosius. His father was Phasganius; he was a pupil of Diophantus.[[2]] His innumerable writings include an encomium to the emperor Constantius; another to Julian; rhetorical declamations; and letters. He was a contemporary of Basil the Great and Gregory the Theologian.[[3]] Julian the Apostate,[[4]] despite being engaged in such important matters, had a strong streak of rhetorical ambition. He expressed especial admiration for the sophist of Antioch, named Libanius - partly, perhaps, in genuine praise of him, but also to cause distress to the great sophist Prohaeresius by giving someone else more honour.[[5]] At any rate, a certain Acacius,[[6]] someone who was eloquent in rhetoric, and Tuscianus of Phrygia, constantly criticised him for this and found fault with his judgements.[[7]]
Sources: Eunapius fr. 26.2 Blockley (from 'Julian the Apostate...')
Notes:
[[1]] RE Libanios; OCD3 Libanius; PLRE I Libanius; Eunapius Lives of the Sophists 495-6.
[[2]] RE Diophantos (10); PLRE II Diophantus (1).
[[3]] [B150] Basil of Caesarea; [G450] Gregory of Nazianzus.
[[4]] [I437] Julian.
[[5]] [P2375] Prohaeresius.
[[6]] [A784] Acacius.
[[7]] [T835] Tuscianus.
Bibliography:
A.F. Norman Libanius' Autobiography (Oxford 1965)
B. Schouler La tradition Hellenique chez Libanius (Paris 1984)
=====
[L645] Longinus, Cassius.[[1]] Philosopher. Teacher of the philosopher Porphyry;[[2]] a polymath and critic. He lived in the time of the Caesar Aurelian, and was executed by him for having conspired with Zenobia, the wife of Odynathus.[[3]] He wrote: On the Natural Life;[[4]] Difficulties in Homer; Whether Homer is a Philosopher; Homeric Problems and Solutions (2 books); Things Contrary to History which the Grammarians Explain as Historical; On Words in Homer with Multiple Senses (4 books); two publications on Attic diction (they are arranged alphabetically); Lexicon of Antimachus and Heracleon; and many other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Longinos; OCD3 Cassius Longinus; PLRE I Longinus (2); Eunapius Lives of the Sophists 456. Cf. [Ph635] Fronto.
[[2]] [P2098] Porphyry.
[[3]] Zenobia was the queen of Palmyra who rebelled against Rome after the death of her husband Odaenethus.
[[4]] The transmitted text (peri tou kata phubiou) is corrupt, and the conjecture peri tou kata phusin biou is uncertain.
Bibliography:
L. Brisson and M. Patillon 'Longinus Platonicus Philosophus et Philologus, I. Longinus Philosophus' ANRW II 36.7 (1994) 5214-99
L. Brisson and M. Patillon 'Longinus Platonicus Philosophus et Philologus, II. Longinus Philologus' ANRW II 34.4 (1998) 3023-3108
=====
[L670] Lollianus, of Ephesus.[[1]] Sophist. Pupil of Isaeus the Assyrian; lived under the Caesar Hadrian. A prolific author.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Lollianus (15); PIR2 H 203; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.23.
Bibliography:
S. Rothe Kommentar zu ausgewahlten Sophistenviten des Philostratos (Heidelberg 1988) 37-55
O. Schissel 'Lollianus aus Ephesos' Philologus 82 (1926/7) 181-201
=====
[L691] Lupercus, of Berytus.[[1]] Grammarian. He lived a little before the time of the Caesar Claudius II. He wrote On the Word 'an' (3 books); On the Word 'taos'; On the Shrimp; On the Cock in Plato; The Foundation of Arsinoe in Egypt; Attic Diction; Art of Grammar; On the Masculine, Feminine and Neuter Genders (13 books), in which he outdoes Herodian[[2]] in many points.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Lupercus (5); FGrH 636.
[[2]] [H546] Herodian.
=====
[L776] Lynceus, of Samos.[[1]] Grammarian. An acquaintance of Theophrastus,[[2]] and brother of the historical writer Duris, who was also tyrant of Samos.[[3]] Lynceus was a contemporary of the comic poet Menander, against whom he competed in producing comedies, and won.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Lynkeus (6).
[[2]] [Th199] Theophrastus.
[[3]] RE Duris (3); OCD3 Duris; FGrH 76.
=====
[L825] Lycurgus,[[1]] son of Lycophron; of Athens; a member of the family Eteobutadae; one of the orators ranked with Demosthenes. After a blameless life he died of an illness, leaving sons; they were attacked by sycophants, but the orator Demosthenes spoke in their defence and saved them from exile. The genuine speeches of his which are preserved are: Against Aristogiton; Against Autolycus; Against Lycophron (2 speeches); Against Pasicles; Against Menaechmus; Against Demades; Defence against the same; In Defence of the Auditors; In Reply to Ischurias; In Reply to the Divinations; On the Administration; On the Priestess; On the Priesthood; letters; etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Lykurgos (10); OCD3 Lycurgus (3).
=====
[L827] Lycophron,[[1]] of Chalcis in Euboea; son of Socles, and by adoption of Lycus of Rhegium. Grammarian and tragic poet; he is one of the seven who are named the Pleiad. His tragedies are: Aeolus; Andromeda; Aletes; Aeolides; Elephenor; Heracles; Suppliants; Hippolytus; Cassandreis; Laius; Marathonians; Nauplius; Oedipus (1 and 2); Orphan; Pentheus; Pelopidae; Allies; Telegonus; Chrysippus. Of these, the Nauplius is a revision. He also wrote the so-called Alexandra, the obscure poem.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Lykophron (8); OCD3 Lycphron (2); TrGF 100.
=====
[L858] Lysias,[[1]] son of Cephalus; of Syracuse. Rhetor. A pupil of Tisias and Nicias; one of the 10 orators with Demosthenes. He was born in Athens, son of Cephalus, who was a metic there. At the age of 15 he moved to Thurii with his two brothers, to take part in the colonisation. Then, exiled from Thurii for being pro-Athenian, he returned to Athens, aged 47. There are more than 300 speeches of his which are said to be genuine, and others whose authenticity is disputed. For purity of his expression he had no rival except Isocrates.[[2]] He also wrote arts of rhetoric, and speeches to the people, encomia and funeral speeches, and 7 letters, one on practical affairs, the others concerned with love (five of them addressed to young men).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Lysias (13); OCD3 Lysias.
[[2]] [I652] Isocrates.
=====
[M46] Maior, of Arabia.[[1]] Sophist. He wrote On Issues (13 books). He was a contemporary of Apsines[[2]] and Nicagoras,[[4]] under the Caesar Philip and earlier.
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE I Maior.
[[2]] [A4735] Apsines.
[[3]] [N373] Nicagoras.
=====
[M120] Malchus, of Byzantium.[[1]] Sophist. He wrote a history from the reign of Constantine down to Anastasius, in which he narrates the reign of Zeno and Basiliscus, the burning of the public library and of the statues of the Augusteum, lamenting them with great solemnity and in the manner of a tragedy.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Malchos (2); OCD3 Malchus (3); PLRE II Malchus.
Bibliography:
R. Blockley The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire (Liverpool 1981-83) 1.71-85, 2.402-62
=====
[M198] Marinus,[[1]] of Neapolis. Philosopher and rhetor. A pupil of the philosopher Proclus,[[2]] and his successor. He wrote a Life of his teacher Proclus both in prose and in epic verse, and a number of other philosophical enquiries.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Marinos (1); PLRE I Marinus (3).
[[2]] [P2473] Proclus.
=====
[M204] Marcellus,[[1]] of Pergamum. Rhetor. He wrote a book Hadrian, or On Kingship.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Markellos (55); possibly = Suppl. 14, Markellos (8a).
=====
[M487] Meles (gen. Meletos): the father of Homer.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Cf. [O251] Homer.
=====
[M489] Melesermus,[[1]] of Athens. Sophist. He wrote Letters of prostitutes (14 books), and of rustics (1 book); Letters of Cooks (1 book); Strategica (1 book); Symposiaca (1 book).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Melesermos
=====
[M496] Meletus,[[1]] son of Larus; of Athens. Rhetor. He prosecuted Socrates with Anytus. He also composed tragedies. He was stoned to death by the Athenians. He lived in the time of Zeno of Elea[[2]] and Empedocles.[[3]] He wrote On Being, and was a political rival of Pericles. As general on behalf of Samos he won a naval victory against the tragic poet Sophocles in the 84th Olympiad.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Meletos (3); OCD3 Meletus (2); TrGF 48. But there is a possible confusion between the prosecutor of Socrates and the tragedian mentioned by Aristophanes ([M495] Meletus; OCD3 Meletus (1); TrGF 47), who may be his father. On the prosopographical problems see MacDowell (1962) 208-10; Blumenthal (1973).
[[2]] [Z77] Zeno.
[[3]] [E1003] Empedocles.
Bibliography:
H. Blumenthal 'Meletus the accuser of Andocides and Meletus the accuser of Socrates: one man or two?' Philologus 117 (1973) 169-78
D.M MacDowell Andokides On the Mysteries (1962)
=====
[M590] Menander,[[1]] of Laodicea on the river Lycus. Sophist. He wrote a commentary on Hermogenes' Art and Minucianus' Progymnasmata; etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Menandros (16); OCD3 Menander (4); PLRE I Menander.
Bibliography:
L. Pernot 'Les topoi de l'éloge chez Ménandros le rhéteur' REG 99 (1986) 33-53
D.A. Russell and N.G. Wilson Menander Rhetor (Oxford 1981)
=====
[M881] Medias. The rhetor.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Unidentified.
=====
[M1009] Metrophanes,[[1]] of Eucarpia in Phrygia. Sophist. He wrote on Phrygia itself (2 books); On Types of Style; On Issues; a commentary on Hermogenes' Art; a commentary on Aristides.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Metrophanes (4); PLRE I Metrophanes (1); FGrH 796.
Bibliography:
L. Schilling Quaestiones rhetoricae selectae (= Jahrbuch für classische Philologie Suppl. 28, 1903, 663-778) 709-14
=====
[M1010] Metrophanes,[[1]] son of the rhetor Cornelianus; of Lebadia (Lebadia is a city in Boeotia). Sophist. On the stylistic characters of Plato, Xenophon, Nicostratus,[[2]] Philostratus; declamations; panegyric speeches.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Metrophanes (5); PLRE I Metrophanes (2).
[[2]] [N404] Nicostratus.
=====
[M1011] Metrophanes,[[1]] offspring of Lachares.[[2]] When he was still a little child he announced with a cry 'I am the bald Aristophanes'[[3]] - though he had not yet been taught anything of that kind. When those who heard him questioned him about what he meant, he insisted that he did not understand anything of what had been said. The sophist Superianus[[4]] wrote a speech against this Metrophanes.
Sources: Damascius Life of Isidore fr. 141 Zintzen
Notes:
[[1]] RE Metrophanes (6); PLRE II Metrophanes.
[[2]] [L165] Lachares.
[[3]] For Aristophanes' baldness see Peace 767-73.
[[4]] [S799] Superianus.
=====
[M1041] Mithaecus.[[1]] Grammarian. He wrote Opsartytica; Cynegetica; etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Mithaikos; cf. 11.934. Mentioned in Plato Gorgias 518b6; Athenaeus 12, 516c.
=====
[M1087] Minucianus,[[1]] son of the sophist Nicagoras;[[2]] of Athens. Sophist. Lived under Gallienus. Art of Rhetoric; and Progymnasmata; and miscellaneous discourses.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Minukianos (2); PIR2 J778; PLRE I Minucianus. But the biographical notice for the third-century sophist M. Junius Minucianus (SEG 26.129, IG II2 3689-90) may have been conflated with the bibliography of the second-century rhetorician Minucianus, a rival of Hermogenes (RE Minukianos (1) = OCD3 Minucianus). See Heath (1996).
[[2]] See [N373] Nicagoras.
Bibliography:
M. Heath 'The family of Minucianus?' ZPE 113 (1996) 66-70 (with further bibliography).
=====
[M1147] Mnaseas, of Berytus.[[1]] He wrote an Art of Rhetoric; and On Attic Words.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Suppl. 9, Mnaseas (9).
=====
[M1278] Moschus, of Syracuse.[[1]] Grammarian. An acquaintance of Aristarchus.[[2]] He is the second poet after Theocritus,[[3]] the poet of bucolic dramas. He too wrote them.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Moschos (2); PLRE II Moschus.
[[2]] [A3892] Aristarchus. 'Acquaintance' is used here, as often, in the sense 'pupil'.
[[3]] [Th166] Theocritus.
=====
[M1349] {Moso. A Hebrew woman; the Hebrew law is her composition, according to Alexander Polyhistor.[[1]]}
Notes:
[[1]] See [A1129] Alexander. On this transformation of Moses see RE 16.360, Stern (1976-84) 1.163f.
Bibliography
M. Stern Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism 3 vols. (Jerusalem 1976-1984)
=====
[M1464] Myro, of Byzantium.[[1]] A female epic, elegiac and lyric poet. Daughter of Homer the tragic poet,[[2]] and wife of Andromachus nicknamed 'Philologus'.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Moiro.
[[2]] [O253] Homer.
=====
[N114] Neanthes,[[1]] of Cyzicus. Rhetor. A pupil of Philiscus of Miletus.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Neanthes; OCD3 Neanthes; FGrH 84.
[[2]] [Ph360] Philiscus.
=====
[N373] Nicagoras,[[1]] son of the rhetor Mnesaeus; of Athens. Sophist. Lived under the Caesar Philip. Lives of Famous People; On Cleopatra in Troas; Embassy Speech to Philip the Roman Emperor.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Nikagoras (15); PIR2 N74. Father of [M1087] Minucianus.
Bibliography:
M. Heath 'The family of Minucianus?' ZPE 113 (1996) 66-70
=====
[N374] Nicander,[[1]] son of Xenophanes, of Colophon (according to some, of Aetolia). Simultaneously grammarian, poet and doctor. He lived in the reign of the younger Attalus, i.e. the last, the victor over the Gauls, who was overthrown by the Romans. He wrote Theriaca; Alexipharmaca; Georgica; Transformations (5 books); Collection of Cures; Prognostics (in epic verse, metaphrased from Hippocrates' Prognostics); On All Oracles (3 books); and very many other works in epic verse.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Nikandros (11); OCD3 Nicander.
=====
[N375] Nicanor,[[1]] son of Hermias; of Alexandria. Grammarian. He lived under Caesar Hadrian, when Hermippus of Berytus[[2]] also lived. On Punctuation in Homer, and the difference it makes to the meaning; On Punctuation in General (6 books); epitome of these (1 book); On Punctuation in Callimachus; Comic Subjects; On the Naval Station;[[3]] On the Word 'onax'; On Punctuation; etc. {Because of this treatise he was mocked by some, and called Stigmatias (he was not being mocked as a slave in this).[[4]]}
Notes:
[[1]] RE Nikanor (27); OCD3 Nicanor (2); FGrH 628.
[[2]] [E3045] Hermippus.
[[3]] A study of the location of contingents in the Greek camp in the Iliad; Aristarchus had written a monograph on this topic.
[[4]] Stigmatias means a slave branded as a punishment for running away, and alludes to Nicanor's special interest in punctuation (stigme).
=====
[N387] {Nicetes: Proper name.
[b] Heraclides of Lycia, the sophist, said: 'Nicetes purified',[[1]] unaware that he was fitting the spoils of the Pygmies onto a colossus. This proverb perhaps refers to people who try to bring together things that are incompatible, and especially when we compare tiny things to huge ones.}
Notes:
[[1]] Cf. [H462] Heraclides; [A1002] akrothinia. The reference is to to Heraclides' revision of works by the sophist Nicetes (RE Niketes (6); PIR2 N83). See Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.19 (512).
=====
[N394] Nicolaus.[[1]] Rhetor; an acquaintance of Plutarch and Proclus (I mean the Plutarch nicknamed Nestorius).[[2]] He wrote Progymasmata; and rhetorical declamations; and certain other works. His floruit was under the emperor the elder Leo, until Zeno and Anastasius.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Nikolaos (21); PLRE II Nicolaus (2). Identical with [N395] Nicolaus.
[[2]] [P1794] Plutarch; [P2473] Proclus. 'Acquaintance', as often, implies pupil.
Bibliography:
G.A. Kennedy Greek Rhetoric under Christian Emperors (Princeton 1983) 66-9
=====
[N395] Nicolaus,[[1]] of Myra in Lycia. Brother of Dioscorides the grammarian, proconsul, consul and patrician.[[2]] He too was a sophist in Constantinople; he was a pupil of Lachares.[[3]] He wrote an Art of Rhetoric; and declamations.
Notes:
[[1]] Identical with [N394] Nicolaus.
[[2]] See [D1208] Dioscorius.
[[3]] [L165] Lachares.
=====
[N404] Nicostratus,[[1]] of Macedon. Rhetor. He was included among the 10 orators judged to be of second rank. He was a contemporary of Aristides[[2]] and Dio Chrysostom;[[3]] for he lived under Marcus Antoninus. He wrote Decamythia; Images; Polymythia; Toilers of the Deep; and very many other works. Also encomia of Marcus and others.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Nikostratos (27); PIR2 A1427.
[[2]] [A3902] Aristides.
[[3]] [D1240] Dio.
=====
[N518] Numenius.[[1]] Rhetor. On the Figures of Diction; hypotheses to Thucydides and Demosthenes; a collection of chreiai; Consolation to Hadrian, for Antinous.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Numenios (1); PIR2 N197. For his son Alexander see [A1128].
=====
[O244] homereuein: To be in harmony. 'The Samians, although their young men were hostages [exomereuomenon], nevertheless did not continue, but revolted against the Macedonian garrison in their city.'[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] For the sense suggested see Hesiod Theogony 39. The illustrative quotation (source unidentified) seems to have been misunderstood; compare [E1789] exomereusamenos and [E1790] exomereusamenoi.
=====
[O245] homereuontas: Aeschines in Against Ctesiphon,[[1]] of those Spartans handed over to Alexander; there were 50 0f them.
Notes:
[[1]] Aeschines 3.133.
=====
[O246] homereia: Appearing instead.
=====
[O247] homereios logos: The discourse of Homer.
=====
[O248] Homeridai: Those who perform Homer's poems. Others say a family in Chios named after the poet. But others say that this opinion is erroneous, since they get their name from pledges [homera]. For the women of Chios once went mad during the festival of Dionysus, and fought a battle against their menfolk; they exchanged as pledges bridegrooms and brides, whose descendants they call 'Homeridae'.
=====
[O249] homerizo: I use Homeric language.
=====
[O250] homeron: In Thucydides,[[1]] a pledge given to secure a peace; applied to treaties. Aelian:[[2]] 'He steals the bell and gives it first to his companion as a sign of friendship and a pledge.' Hostages [homeroi] are those given on the occasion of an agreement; for homerosai means 'to agree'. Theopompus[[3]] says that homerein is used by Achaeans in the sense 'follow'; hence they say that those given in accordance with the terms of an agreement are called homeroi.
Notes:
[[1]] Thucydides 1.56.2 etc.
[[2]] Aelian fr. 70.
[[3]] FGrH 115F300.
=====
[O251] Homer, the poet. Son of Meles,[[1]] the river in Smyrna, and the nymph Critheis; others say, of Apollo and the Muse Calliope; the historian Charax[[2]] says of Maion or Metius and Eumetis, his mother; according to others, of Telemachus (Odysseus' son) and Polycaste (Nestor's daughter). The order of his genealogy according to the historian Charax is as follows: Aethuse the Thracian was the mother of Linus,[[3]] the father of Pierus, the father of Oeagrus,[[4]] the father of Orpheus,[[5]] the father of Dres, the father of Euclees, the father of Idmonides, the father of Philoterpes, the father of Melanopus, the father of Apelles,[[6]] the father of Maeon; he came at the same time as the Amazons to Smyrna, married Eumetis the daughter of Euepes the son of Mnesigenes, and fathered Homer. - In the same way, there is also doubt about his homeland, because of the disbelief in his mortality to which the greatness of his genius gave rise. Different people have claimed that he came from Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Ios, Cyme, Troy (from the region of Cenchreae), Lydia, Athens, Egypt, Ithaca, Cyprus, Cnossos, Salamis, Mycene, Thessaly, Italy, Lucania, Gryne, Rome and Rhodes.[[7]] - His real name was Melesigenes, since his mother gave birth to him beside the river Meles, according to the account of his genealogy given in Smyrna. He was called Homer because when a war broke out between Smyrna and Colophon he was given as a hostage [homeros], or because when the people of Smyrna were deliberating he spoke under divine inspiration and gave advice to their assembly advice about the war. - He lived 57 years before the institution of the first Olympiad; Porphyry, in the History of Philosophy, says 132 years before. This was instituted 407 years after the capture of Troy. Some record that Homer was born only 160 years after the capture of Troy; but the aforesaid Porphyry says 275 years after.[[8]] - In Chios he married Aresiphone the daughter of Gnostor of Cyme, and had two sons and a daughter, who was married to Stasinus of Cyprus. The sons were Eriphon and Theolaus. - His undisputed poems are the Iliad and Odyssey. He did not write the Iliad at one time or consecutively, as it now stands. He himself wrote and performed individual rhapsodies as he travelled round the cities for his livelihood, and left them behind; later they were put together and organised by numerous hands, especially Pisistratus, the Athenian tyrant.[[9]] - Certain other poems are also attributed to him: Amazonia; Little Iliad; Nostoi; Epicichlides; Ethiepactos (or Iambi); Battle of the Frogs; Battle of the Mice and Frogs; Battle of the Spiders; Battle of the Cranes; Cerameis; The Expulsion of Amphiaraus; Paegnia; The Capture of Sicily; epithalamia; Cycle; hymns; Cypria. - He died at an advanced age and was buried in Ios. He was blind from childhood; but the truth is that he was not a slave of desire or ruled by his eyes, and that is how the story of his being blind arose. Inscribed on his tomb was the elegy, composed by the people of Ios some time later: 'Here the earth covers the sacred head, divine Homer, who marshalled heroic men.'
[b] Dioscorides says in Customs in Homer[[10]] that the poet saw that moderation is the first and most appropriate virtue of the young, and is also fitting, and a chorus-master of what is good; and since too he aimed to implant it from the beginning onwards, so that they would devote their leisure and their efforts to fine deeds and do good to each other and share with one another, he gave to all of them a simple and self-sufficient way of life. He reasoned that desires and pleasures are strongest, first and indeed innate, when they are concerned with eating and drinking; those who abide by a simple regime are well-disciplined and self-controlled in all the rest of their life. So he has attributed a plain lifestyle to them all, the same alike for kings and for commoners; he says: 'Then she drew up a polished table for him, and the trusted house-keeper brought bread and put it by him; and the carver lifted platters of meat, and placed them by him.'[[11]] Now this meat, too, was roasted, and was for the most part beef. Except for this he never places before them anything, either at feasts or weddings or any other gathering. And yet he often portrays Agamemnon entertaining the chiefs; and Menelaus celebrates the wedding of Hermione and his son and daughter, with Telemachus present as his guest as well: 'he took in his hands and set before them the roasted ox-chine that had been served to him as his portion'.[[12]] And Nestor sacrifices oxen to Poseidon by the sea-shore through the sons who were his nearest and dearest, although he was a king and had many subjects, giving them these instructions: 'Come, let one of you go to the plain for a heifer.'[[13]] Alcinous, too, feasting the extremely decadent Phaeacians and entertaining Odysseus, shows him the way his garden and house are furnished, and then sets before him the same kind of meal. Even the suitors, though they were arrogant and devoted to pleasure, are not portrayed eating fish or birds or honey-cakes. Homer makes every effort to eliminate the tricks of haute cuisine.
[c] About the poet Homer:[[14]] Homer, because of his blindness, travelled about. He came to the shepherd Glaucus, who took him to his own master. The latter, recognising his talent and wide experience, persuaded him to stay there and take charge of his children. Homer did so, and composed Cercopes and the Battle of Mice and Frogs and the Battle of the Starlings and Heptapacion and Epicichlides, and all his other paegnia, in Belissus in Chios. Then he went to Samos, and found a woman sacrificing to the Child-Rearer,[[15]] and he uttered these lines: 'Hear my prayer, Child-Rearer, and grant that this woman renounce the love and bed of young men, and let her take pleasure in grey-templed old men whose "tails" have lost their vigour, but whose spirit is undiminished.' When he came to the place where the phratry was feasting they lit a fire, and Homer said: 'The crown of a man is his children, of a city its towers; horses are a fine thing on the plain, ships on the sea; money increases a household; majestic kings seated in the market-place are a fine thing for others to see, but when a fire is burning a house is a more majestic sight.' This same Homer, when he was about to sail and the sailors welcomed him, embarked on the boat and spoke these lines: 'Here, mighty Poseidon, earthshaker, ruler of golden Helicon and its broad dancing-places, grant a fair wind and a homecoming with no grief to the sailors, who are the ship's escorts and rulers; and grant that when I come to the foot of high-cliffed Mimas I may encounter respectful and holy men; and may I be avenged on the man who deceived me and angered Zeus god of guests and the hospitable table.' The same man, meeting some people who were about to sail to Chios, asked them to take him on board; they did not accept him, and he spoke these lines: 'Sailors who travel the seas, resembling a hateful fate, like timorous diving-birds, living an unenviable life, respect majesty of Zeus god of guests, who rules on high; for terrible is the wrath of Zeus that follows when one offends.' When the same man was resting for the night under a pine-tree, a fruit fell on him (what some people call a top, and others a cone); and he said this: 'Another pine shall bear better fruit, on the heights of windy Ida with its many valleys; there shall be the best iron for men upon the earth, when the Cebriones hold the land.' The same man, dining with Glaucus, with the dogs standing round and barking and eating, said this: 'Glaucus, guardian of mortals,[[16]] I shall set this word in your mind: first give the dogs their dinner at the gate of the courtyard; for that is better. For it is the dog that first hears a man's approach or a wild beast coming to yor fence.' Glaucus was astonished when he heard that. Some potters saw him when they were lighting their kiln to fire a pot; they called out to him, having heard that he was a wise man, and asked him to sing to them, promising to give him the pot. Homer sang them these lines (which are called The Kiln): 'If you will give me a reward for my song, o potters, come, good earth, and hold out your hand over the kiln; may the cups dry out well and all the holy things, and be well fired; and let them gain a dream of value, selling in large numbers in the market-place and in the streets, and bring a good profit, to us also, so as to sing them. But if you turn to shamelessness and are liars, then I convoke the destroyers of kilns to shatter them, Smasher and Inextinguishable and Shatterer and Subduer, who brings many ills on this craft. Start on the furnace and houses, and may the whole kiln be shaken as the potters wail loudly. As the horse's jaw grinds so let the kiln grind, tuning all they pottery inside it into tiny pieces. Here, too, daughter of the Sun, Circe with many spells, cast cruel spells, and harm them and their works. Here let Chiron bring many Centaurs, those that escaped Heracles' hands and those that perished; let them give these things a terrible beating, let the kiln collapse; and let these people watch the mischief with groans. And I shall rejoice at the sight of their unfortunate craft. And if anyone stoops to peer in, let his whole face be burned, so that all know they should do right.' Spending the winter in Samos, he visited the houses of the most distinguished people and was paid something for singing these lines (which are called Eiresione). Some of the children of the local people acted as his guides and were always with him. 'We have reached the house of a man of great power, a man who shouts loudly, a man who roars loudly, always prosperous. Open yourselves up, doors. For great Wealth comes in, and with Wealth flourishing Joy and kind Peace. May all the storage jars be full, may there always be bread with dinner. Now fair-faced barley flavoured with sesame <...> Your son's wife will get down from her chair to sing, and swift-footed mules will bring her to this house. May she weave clothe as she treads on beds. With a nod <???> every year; it will be the swallow. It stands at your portals with a light foot. But come, quickly destroy with Apollo's <???>. And if you give something; but if not, we will not stay: we have not come here to live with you.' This song was sung for a long time by children in Samos. He went to Ios, and on the way he began to ill; when he disembarked he rested on the beach for a number of day. Some fisher boys put in and got out of their boat; they came to him and said, 'Come, strangers, and listen to us; see if you can understand what we say to you.' One of the bystanders told them to speak, and they said: 'What we caught, we left behind; what we didn't catch, we have with us.' (Others say that they spoke in verse: 'Whate'er we caught we left behind; what we caught not, that we have.') The bystanders were not able to understand what had been said, and the boys explained that while they were fishing they had not been able to catch anything, but when they were sitting on the land they looked for lice; and they killed the lice they caught, but the ones they could not catch they were bringing home with them. When Homer heard this, he spoke these lines: 'From the blood of fathers like yourselves you are sprung, not from those with rich lands or countless flocks of sheep.' It so happened that Homer died of this sickness in Ios - not, as some have supposed because he did not understand what the children had said, but because of his illness. He was buried in Ios on the shore, and the people of Ios put up this inscription: 'Here the earth covers the sacred head, divine Homer, who marshalled heroic men'. His poetry became widely known, and was universally admired.
Notes:
[[1]] Charax FGrH 103F62.
[[2]] [M487] Meles.
[[3]] [L568] Linus.
[[4]] [Oi6] Oeagrus.
[[5]] [O654] Orpheus.
[[6]] Melanopus and Apelles also appear in the genealogy given for [H583] Hesiod, making Homer and Hesiod cousins.
[[7]] On ancient discussions of Homer's native land see see Allen (1924) 11-41; Heath (1998). For the biographical tradition see also Lefkowitz (1981) 12-24.
[[8]] Porphyry fr. 201 Smith. Eratosthenes' date for the fall of Troy was 1184; the first Olympiad was traditionally dated to 776. Hence Porphyry's dating places Homer's floruit c. 908/9 BC; the other datings mentioned place him c. 1024 or c. 833. On ancient datings of Homer see Mosshammer (1979) 193-7, 211-3.
[[9]] On the legend of the 'Pisistratean recension' see Ritoók (1993).
[[10]] What follows is extracted from Athenaeus 1 (8e-9c), using a fuller text than the extant epitome. The source and implications of the attribution to Dioscorides are unclear; the reconstruction of this work attempted by Weber (1888) is flawed (see Heath, forthcoming).
[[11]] Od. 7.174-5, with 1.141.
[[12]] Od. 4.65-6.
[[13]] Od. 3.421.
[[14]] The following collection of Homeric epigrams and its narrative framework is based on the pseudo-Herodotean Life of Homer (translated in Lefkowitz (1981) 139-55). The text of the poems is very poorly preserved in the Suda, turning some passages into gibberish; translations of more intelligible texts can be found in Lefkowitz loc. cit., and Evelyn-White (1914) 466-77.
[[15]] Kourotrophos, i.e. Hecate.
[[16]] Or 'flocks' (reading boton for broton).
Bibliography
T.W. Allen Homer: the Origins and the Transmission (Oxford 1924)
H.G. Evelyn-White Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica (Loeb Classical Library 1914)
M. Heath 'Was Homer a Roman?' PLLS 10 (1998)
M. Heath 'Do heroes eat fish? Athenaeus on the heroic lifestyle' (forthcoming)
M. Lefkowitz The Lives of the Greek Poets (London 1981)
A.A. Mosshammer The Chronicles of Eusebius and Greek Chronographic Tradition (Lewisburg 1979)
Z. Ritoók 'The Pisistratus tradition and the canonization of Homer' Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 34 (1993) 39-53
R. Weber 'De Disocuridis {greek}peri twn par' Homerwi nomwn{/greek} libello' Leipziger Studien zur classischen Philologie 11 (1888) 87-197
=====
[O252] Homer: unknown to mankind. Herodotus the historian wrote a Life of Homer[[1]] more fitting than this.
Notes:
[[1]] The pseudo-Herodotean Life of Homer (quoted extensively in the previous article); it is translated in full in M. Lefkowitz The Lives of the Greek Poets (London 1981) 139-55.
=====
[O253] Homer,[[1]] son of Andromachus and Myro of Byzantium.[[2]] Grammarian and tragic poet; hence he was counted as one of the seven who hold the second rank among the tragic poets and were nicknamed the 'Pleiad'. Floruit in the 124th Olympiad; he wrote 45 tragedies.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Homeros (3); TrGF 98.
[[2]] [M1464] Myro.
=====
[O254] Homer, surnamed Sellius.[[1]] Grammarian. He wrote the following poems: hymns; paegnia in epic verse; very many genres.[[2]] In prose: On Comic Masks; Summaries of Menander's Plays.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Homeros (4) = Sellios. Identical with [S213] Sellius.
[[2]] Or perhaps 'poems' (eidos is used thus of individual odes in the Pindar scholia).
=====
[O327] Onasimus,[[1]] of Cyprus or Sparta. Historian and sophist; one of those who lived under Constantine. He wrote Divisions of the Issues; Art of Judicial Oratory; To Apsines, On the Art of Controversion;[[2]] Progymnasmata; declamations; encomia; and very many other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Onasimos; PLRE I Onesimus (2); FGrH 216. He is the son of [A4734] Apsines, and the father of [A4736] Apsines.
[[2]] Or (with Adler's punctuation) 'Art of Judicial Oratory, to Apsines; On the Art of Controversion'.
=====
[O391] onos luras [An ass, a lyre]: Menander, in Psophodees.[[1]] The complete proverb is: 'An ass was listening to a lyre, a pig to a trumpet'. It is said of those who do not express agreement or praise.
[b] Ammonianus the grammarian happened to acquire an ass as an audience for his wisdom. Cf. under 'Ammonianus'.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] Menander fr. 527 Kock; cf. Misoumenos 295 Sandbach = 696 Arnott.
[[2]] [A1639] Ammonianus.
=====
[O452] Oppian,[[1]] of Cilicia, from the city of Corycus. Grammarian and epic poet. He lived under the emperor Marcus Antoninus. Halieutica (in 5 books); Cynegetica (in 4 books); Ixeutica (2 books). When his poems were read in the presence of the emperor, he gave him a golden stater (i.e. a coin) for each line of verse, so that he received 20,000 coins in all.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Oppianos (2); OCD3 Oppian.
=====
[O766] Varus,[[1]] of Laodicea. Sophist. A contemporary of Polemo[[2]] and others.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Varus (9); Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.28.
[[2]] [P1889] Polemo.
=====
[O835] Vestinus,[[1]] surnamed Julius. Sophist. Epitome of Pamphilus' Rare Words (94 books);[[2]] Selection of Words from the works of Demosthenes; Selection from those of Thucydides, of Isaeus, of Isocrates and the orator Thrasymachus and the other orators.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Vestinus (4) = Iulius (53).
[[2]] [P142] Pamphilus.
=====
[O911] Ulpian, of Emesa.[[1]] Sophist. Traditions of Emesa, of Heliopolis, of Bosporus, and of many other peoples; Progymnasmata; Art of Rhetoric.
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE I Ulpianus (4); FGrH 676; Eunapius Lives of the Sophists 487. Probably identical with [O912] Ulpian.
=====
[O912] Ulpian, of Antioch in Syria.[[1]] Sophist. Previously he taught in Emesa, in the time of the emperor Constantine. Miscellaneous discourses; declamations; informal discourses; and certain other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Ulpianos (3); PLRE I Ulpianus (1); OCD3 Ulpianus. Probably identical with [O911] Ulpian. Cf. [E2741] Epiphanius, [E3738] Eusebius, [P2375] Prohaeresius.
=====
[O913] Ulpian, of Gaza.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE II Ulpianus (3); cf. Marinus Life of Proclus ch. 9.
=====
[O1079] opsimathes [late learner]: 'Superianus[[1]] was a late learner and somewhat dull by nature; but he was so painstaking and serious-minded that, beginning when he was more than 30 years old,[[2]] he read the books of the orators.'
Sources: Damascius Life of Isidore fr. 140 Zintzen
Notes:
[[1]] [S799] Superianus.
[[2]] The study of rhetoric normally begin in one's early- or mid-teens.
=====
[W159] Horapollo,[[1]] of Phaenebythis (a village in the Panopolite nome). Grammarian. He taught in Alexandria and in Egypt, then in Constantinople under Theodosius. He wrote Names for Temples; a commentary on Sophocles, on Alcaeus, on Homer. He was a person famed for his expertise, and won no less renown than the most highly reputed grammarians of old. An Egyptian, in the time of the emperor Zeno. Nicomedes was searching for Harpocras,[[2]] and could not find him. Isidore the philosopher, when he learnt of this, sent a written message revealing the attackers. The messenger was captured, and acknowledged who it was that had sent him. They seized Horapollo and Heraiscus,[[3]] strung them up by their hands and asked after Harpocras and Isidore. Horapollo did not have the character of a philosopher, but kept hidden the belief about God that he held. Heraiscus had predicted that Horapollo would go over to the other side and abandon his ancestral customs; and this is what happened. Without any apparent compelling cause, he chose the change of his own accord, because of the hopes inspired by some insatiable desire - for there is nothing else one could easily invoke to defend the defection. Apparently, he became a Christian. {(Or perhaps the reverse.)}
Sources: Damascius Life of Isidore fr. 314, 317 Zintzen
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE II Horapollon (2); FGrH 630.
[[2]] [A4010] Harpocras.
[[3]] [H450] Heraiscus.
=====
[W188] Orion, of Thebes in Egypt. Collection of Gnomes, or Anthology, addressed to the empress Eudocia, wife of Theodosius the Lesser (3 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Orion (3). Probably identical with [W189] Orion.
=====
[W189] Orion, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian. Anthology; Collection of Attic Vocabulary; On Etymology; Encomium of Caesar Hadrian.
Notes:
[[1]] PLRE II Orion (1). Probably identical with [W188] Orion.
=====
[W201] Orus, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian. He taught in Constantinople. He wrote On Double Quantities; How Ethnics Should be Said; Solution of Propositions of Herodian; Table of his Own Works; On Enclitic Parts of Speech; Orthography, in alphabetical order, on the Diphthong -ei; Orthography on the Diphthong -ai, against Phrynichus, in alphabetical order; Anthology; On Gnomes.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Oros (4); PLRE II Orus.
=====
[P12] Pancratius.[[1]] Sophist. Commentary on Minucianus' Art.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Pankratios (1); PLRE I Pancratius (2). He is probably the father of [P2375] Prohaeresius.
[[2]] Cf. [M1087] Minucianus; the Art (sc., of rhetoric) in question is certainly by the earlier of the two homonyms.
=====
[P29] Pacatus, surnamed Minucius and Irenaeus; of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian. On the Alexandrian Dialect, or On Hellenism (7 books; it is arranged alphabetically); On Attic Usage in Diction and Prosody (3 books; it is arranged alphabetically); On Idioms of the Attic and Doric Dialects; On Atticism; and many other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Eirenaios (7); NP Eirenaios (1). Identical with [Ei190] Irenaeus.
=====
[P35] Palladius, son of Palladius, of Methone.[[1]] Sophist. He lived under the emperor Constantine. On the Festivals of the Romans; informal discourses; miscellaneous speeches; Olympiac; Panegyric; Dicanic.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Palladios (1); PLRE I Palladius (1); FGrH 837.
=====
[P43] Palamedes, of Elea.[[1]] Grammarian. Comic and Tragic Diction; Onomatologos; commentary on the poet Pindar.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Palamedes (3)
=====
[P70] Palaephatus, of Paros or Priene.[[1]] He lived under Artaxerxes. Incredible Things (5 books); Troica (5 books) - some attribute this to the Athenian;[[2]] but this is the man who wrote it.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Palaiphatos (2); OCD3 Palaephatus; FGrH 44T2.
[[2]] See [P72] Palaephatus.
=====
[P71] Palaephatus, of Abydos.[[1]] Historian. Cypriaca; Attica; Deliaca; Arabica. He lived in the time of Alexander of Macedon, He was the lover of Aristotle the philosopher, according to Philo in line 5 of his Paradoxical History, book 1, and Theodorus of Ilium in book 2 of his Troica.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Palaiphatos (3); FGrH 44T3.
[[2]] FGrH 48F1.
=====
[P72] Palaephatus, of Egypt or Athens.[[1]] Grammarian. Egyptian Theology; Mythica (1 book); Solutions of Things Expressed Mythically; hypotheses to Simonides; Troica (some attribute this to the Athenian, others to the Parian);[[2]] he also wrote his own history.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Palaiphatos (4); FGrH 44T4.
[[2]] See [P70] Palaephatus.
=====
[P139] Pamphile, of Epidaurus.[[1]] A clever woman; daughter of Soteridas,[[2]] who is said to have been the author of her collections, as Dionysius says in book 30 of his Musical History;[[3]] but others write that her husband Socratidas was the author.[[4]] Historical Commentaries (33 books);[[5]] epitome of Ctesias (3 books); a very large number of epitomes of histories and other books; On Disputes; On Sex; and many other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Pamphila (1); OCD3 Pamphila; FGrH 3.
[[2]] See [S876] Soteridas.
[[3]] [D1171] Dionysius
[[4]] See [S875] Soteridas (sic).
[[5]] See Photius Bilbiotheca cod. 175.
=====
[P141] Pamphilus, of Amphipolis, or Sicyon or Neapolis.[[1]] Philosopher, nicknamed Philopragmatos. Images (alphabetically arranged); Art of Grammar; On Painting and Famous Artists; Georgics (3 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Pamphilus (24).
=====
[P142] Pamphilus, of Alexandria.[[1]] A grammarian of the school of Aristarchus.[[2]] He wrote Meadow (a summary of miscellaneous contents); On Rare Words, i.e. vocabulary (95 books: it runs from epsilon to omega, since Zopyrion[[3]] had done the letters from alpha to delta); On Unexplained Passages in Nicander and the so-called Opica; Art of Criticism; and very many other works on grammar.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Pamphilus (24); OCD3 Pamphilus (2).
[[2]] [A3892] Aristarchus.
[[3]] RE Zopyrion (2).
=====
[P435] paraskeue. 'He was nicknamed 'critic', 'grammarian', as having a grammatical training [paraskeue]', he says about Hecataeus.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] An excerpt from the entry [E359] on Hecataeus of Abdera. 'He' is presumably Hesychius of Miletus, the Suda's main biographical source.
=====
[P809] Paul, of Tyre.[[1]] Rhetor. Lived at the time of Philo of Byblos.[[2]] In an embassy to the emperor Hadrian he succeeded in making Tyre a metropolis. He wrote an Art of Rhetoric; Progymnasmata; declamations.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Paulos (17).
[[2]] [Ph447] Philo.
=====
[P811] Paul, of Germe.[[1]] Sophist. He wrote That 'On the Award to Iphicrates' is by Lysias; (2 books); commentaries on the rest of Lysias' speeches.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Paulos (15) + (16) (Paul of Mysia); PLRE II Paul (12).
=====
[P812] Paul, of Egypt,[[1]] from Lycopolis. Sophist. Son of Besarion, also known as Didymus.[[2]] He lived under the emperor Constantine.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Paulos (18); PLRE I Paulus (1).
[[2]] Unidentified.
=====
[P819] Pausanias, of Caesarea.[[1]] Sophist. Contemporary of Aristides.[[2]] Philostratus refers to him as a second-rate rhetor in the Lives of the Sophists. He wrote On Construction (1 book); Problems (1 book); etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Pausanias (21); Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.13.
[[2]] [A3902] Aristides.
Bibliography:
S. Rothe Kommentar zu ausgewahlten Sophistenviten des Philostratos (Heidelberg 1988) 155-62
=====
[P1406] Peter,[[1]] the rhetor; also magister and historian. Sent as an ambassador to Chosroes, his rhetoric was cogent and irrefutable, because of his ability appease the inflexible and grandiose attitudes of the barbarians.[[2]] He wrote a history, and On Political Constitution.
Sources:
Menander Protector fr. 6.2 Blockley
Notes:
[[1]] RE Petros (6); PLRE Petrus (6).
[[2]] See the account of this embassy by Menander Protector, in Blockley (1985) 55-91.
Bibliography:
R. Blockley The History of Menander the Guardsman (Liverpool 1985)
=====
[P1889] Polemo,[[1]] of Laodicea (i.e. from Laodicea on the river Lycus). Rhetor and sophist. He was sophist in Smyrna; teacher of the rhetor Aristides.[[2]] He lived in the time of Trajan, and after him. He was a pupil of the philosopher Timocrates[[3]] of Heraclea in Pontus and the sophist Scopelianus.[[4]] He died at the age of 55, placing himself in his own tomb and starving himself to death because of his chronic arthritis. His relatives and friends were lamenting this, and it is said that Polemo told them: 'Give me another body, and I will re-embark.'[[5]] He said to his doctors, who were operating on him frequently, 'Cut out Polemo's stone-quarries as quickly as you can.' {Gregory the Theologian[[6]] followed his stylistic character.}
Notes:
[[1]] RE Polemon (10); OCD3 Polemon (4); PIR2 A 862; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.25.
[[2]] [A3902] Aristides.
[[3]] RE Timocrates (14).
[[4]] [S655] Scopelianus.
[[5]] metembesomai: an error for meletesomai ('Give me a body and I shall declaim'); see Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.25 (544, and 543 for the following anecdote).
[[6]] [G450] Gregory of Nazianzus.
=====
[P1890] Polemo,[[1]] the younger. Sophist. He too lived under Commodus.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Polemon (11)
=====
[P1951] Pollux, of Naucratis.[[1]] Some write that the sophist was from Ardyenna, but that is a joke (Ardyenna is a city in Phoenicia). He taught in Athens under the emperor Commodus, and died aged 58, having composed the following books: Onomasticon (10 books: it is a collection of different words for the same thing); informal discourses, or talks; declamations; epithalamium to Caesar Commodus; Roman Speech; Trumpet, or Musical Contest; Against Socrates; Against the People of Sinope; Panellenic Speech; Arcadian Speech; and so on.
{[b] On statues of Castor and Pollux see under 'Dioscuri'.[[2]]}
Notes:
[[1]] RE Iulius (773); OCD3 Pollux, Iulius; PIR2 I474; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2.12.
[[2]] [D1209] Dioscuri.
=====
[P1955] Polyaenus,[[1]] of Sardis. Sophist. He lived under the first Caesar Gaius. Judicial speeches and outlines of cases (i.e. of advocates' speeches); Parthian Triumph (3 books); etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Polyainos (7); FGrH 196.
=====
[P1956] Polyaenus,[[1]] of Macedonia. Rhetor. On Thebes; Tactics (3 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Polyainos (8); OCD3 Polyaenus (2); FGrH 639.
=====
[P2107] Posidonius, of Apamea in Syria, or of Rhodes.[[1]] Stoic philosopher; he was nicknamed Athlete. He had a school in Rhodes, and was Panaetius'[[2]] successor and pupil. He came to Rome under Marcus Marcellus.[[3]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Poseidonios (1); OCD3 Posidonius (2); FGrH 87.
[[2]] [P184] Panaetius.
[[3]] 51 BC.
=====
[P2108] Posidonius, of Alexandria. Stoic philosopher. A pupil of Zeno of Citium.[[1]] He wrote a history continuing from Polybius in 52 books, down to the Cyrenaic war and Ptolemy; rhetorical declamations; hypotheses to Demosthenes (but I think that these are rather the work of the sophist Posidonius of Olbiopolis).[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] [Z79] Zeno.
[[2]] For Posidonius of Olbiopolis see [P2109]. The continuation of Polybius was in fact the work of [P2107] Posidonius of Apamea; but the entry [P1941] on Polybius attributes it to Posidonius of Olbiopolis.
=====
[P2109] Posidonius, of Olbiopolis.[[1]] Sophist and historian. On the Ocean and related matters;[[2]] On the So-called Tyric Land; Attic Histories (in 4 books); Libyca (in 11 books); etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Poseidonios (6); OCD3 Posidonius (1); FGrH 279.
[[2]] This is in fact the work of [P2107] Posidonius of Apamea.
=====
[P2127] Potamo, of Mitylene;[[1]] son of Lesbonax.[[2]] Rhetor. He was sophist in Rome under Caesar Tiberius. Once when he was going back to his native city the emperor supplied him with the following passport: 'If anyone should dare to harm Potamo son of Lesbonax, let him consider whether he can make war on me'. He wrote On Alexander of Macedon; Annals of Samos; Encomium of Brutus; Encomium of Caesar; On the Perfect Orator.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Potamon (3); OCD3 Potamon (1); FGrH 147.
[[2]] [L307] Lesbonax.
=====
[P2165] Polio, surnamed Asinius; of Tralles.[[1]] Sophist and philosopher. He was a sophist in Rome in the time of Pompey the Great, and succeeded Timagenes[[2]] as the head of his school. He wrote an epitome of Philochorus' Atthis;[[3]] memoirs of the philosopher Musonius;[[4]] an epitome of Diophanes' Georgica (2 books);[[5]] Against Aristotle, on Animals (10 books); on the Roman civil war, between Caesar and Pompey.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Asinius (23); PIR2 A1239; FGrH 193.
[[2]] [T588] Timagenes.
[[3]] [Ph441] Philochorus.
[[4]] [M1305] Musonius.
[[5]] RE Diophanes (9).
=====
[P2166] Polio, of Alexandria, surnamed Valerius.[[1]] Philosopher. He lived under Hadrian; his son was the philosopher Diodorus,[[2]] who wrote an exegesis of questions in the ten orators. He wrote a Collection of Attic Vocabulary (alphabetically arranged), and certain other philosophical works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Valerius (293).
[[2]] [D1150] Diodorus.
=====
[P2167] Polio, or Polio [sic]. Grammarian. On Errors in Writing.
=====
[P2170] Polus, of Acragas.[[1]] Rhetor, or rather one of the older sophists. He was the teacher of Licymnius. He wrote a genealogy of the Greeks and barbarians who fought at Troy, and how each of them ended up (but some attribute this to Damastes);[[2]] Catalogue of Ships; On Diction.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Polos (3); OCD3 Polus; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.13; FGrH 7.
[[2]] FGrH 5; cf. [D41].
=====
[P2301] Priscus, of Panium.[[1]] Sophist. He lived in the time of the lesser Theodosius. He wrote a history of Byzantium, and the events concerning Attila (5 books); rhetorical declamations; and letters.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Priscus (35); PLRE II Priscus (1); OCD3 Priscus.
Bibliography:
R. Blockley The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire (Liverpool 1981-3) 1.48-70, 2.222-400
=====
[P2365] Prodicus, of Ceos;[[1]] from the island of Ceos, and the city Iulis. Philosopher of nature and sophist. Contemporary of Democritus of Abdera[[2]] and Gorgias;[[3]] pupil of Protagoras of Abdera.[[4]] He died in Athens of drinking hemlock, as a corrupter of the young.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Prodikos (3); OCD3 Prodicus; DK 84; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.12.
[[2]] [D447] Democritus.
[[3]] [G388] Gorgias.
[[4]] [P2958] Protagoras.
=====
[P2375] Prohaeresius,[[1]] son of Pancratius;[[2]] a Cappadocian from Caesarea. Sophist. He studied in Antioch with Ulpian.[[3]] He lived before Libanius,[[4]] and was a sophist in Athens; he received the highest honours from the emperor Constantine. His floruit was under Julian,[[5]] contemporary with the sophist Libanius. To cause him distress Julian was a greater admirer of Libanius.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Prohaeresios (1); OCD3 Pro(h)aeresius; PLRE I Prohaeresius; Eunapius Lives of the Sophists 485-93.
[[2]] [P12] Pancratius.
[[3]] [O912] Ulpian.
[[4]] [L486] Libanius.
[[5]] [I437] Julian.
=====
[P2479] Procopius,[[1]] Illustrius; of Caesarea in Palestine. Rhetor and sophist. He wrote a Roman History, i.e. the wars of Belisarius the patrician, the actions performed in Rome and Libya. He lived in the time of the emperor Justinian, was employed as Belisarius' secretary, and accompanied him in all the wars and events which he recorded. He also wrote another book, the so-called Anecdota, on the same events. Both works are in 8 books. The book of Procopius called Anecdota contains abuse and mockery of the emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora, and indeed of Belisarius himself as well, and his wife.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Prokopios (21); PLRE II Procopius (8); OCD3 Procopius.
=====
[P2958] Protagoras, of Abdera;[[1]] son of Artemon, or of Maeandrides or Neandrius; some write that he was from Teos. Originally he was a porter, but on meeting Democritus he fell in love with discourse, became a philsopher and then turned to rhetoric. He was the first to be called a sophist, and the first to invent eristic arguments and make a contest of speeches, and to charge his pupils (100 mina - for which reason he was nicknamed 'Speech for for Hire'). He was the teacher of the rhetor Isocrates.[[2]] He was the first to divide all discourse into four: wish, question, answer, command. After him others made a division into seven, as follows: narration, question, answer, command, statement, wish, appellation. Alcidamas[[3]] says there are four kinds of discourse: assertion, denial, question, address. Protagoras' books were burned by the Athenians, because he once made a speech which began like this: 'About the gods I can know nothing - neither that they exist, not that they do not exist'. He was older than the philosopher Plato. He was the teacher of Prodicus of Ceos[[4]] and many others.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Protagoras (1); OCD3 Protagoras; DK 80; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.10; Diogenes Laertius 9.50-56.
[[2]] [I652] Isocrates.
[[3]] [A1283] Alcidamas.
[[4]] [P2365] Prodicus.
=====
[P3034] Ptolemy, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian. He was nicknamed Pindarion. He was the son of Oroandes, and a pupil of Aristarchus.[[2]] He wrote Illustrations of Homer (3 books); On the Stylistic Character of Homer; To Neothalides, on Diction; On the Word 'Outis' in Homer; On the Asteropaeus Mentioned by Homer; and so on.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Suppl. 9, Ptolemaios (78a).
[[2]] [A3892] Aristarchus.
=====
[P3035] Ptolemy.[[1]] Grammarian, named 'Epithet', because he followed Aristarchus.[[2]] He attended the lectures of the grammarian Hellanicus,[[3]] who in turn attended Agathocles'[[4]] lectures, as he attended those of Zenodotus of Ephesus.[[5]] He wrote On the Blows in Homer; a commentary on the Odyssey.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Ptolemaios (78).
[[2]] [A3892] Aristarchus.
[[3]] RE Hellanikos (8); OCD3 Hellanicus (2).
[[4]] RE Agathokles (25); OCD3 Agathocles (2); possibly to be identified with FGrH 472.
[[5]] [Z74] Zenodotus.
Bibliography:
F. Montanari I frammenti dei grammatici Agathokles, Hellanikos, Ptolemaios Epithetes (SGLG 7, Berlin 1988)
=====
[P3036] Ptolemy,[[1]] father of the grammarian Aristonicus,[[2]] and himself a grammarian. Both practised in Rome. Similar Expressions in the Tragedians; On Homer (50 books); Strange Stories in the Poet; Things Concerning the Muses and Nereids.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Suppl. 9, Ptolemaios (78b).
[[2]] [A3924] Aristonicus.
=====
[P3037] Ptolemy, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian. The son of Hephaestion.[[2]] He lived under the emperors Trajan and Hadrian; he was called Chennus. On Astonishing Stories; Sphinx (a historical drama); Anthomerus (a poem in 24 rhapsodies); and certain other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Ptolemaios (77).
[[2]] [H659] Hephaestion.
Bibliography:
K.-H. Tomberg Der Kaine Historia des Ptolemaios Chennos (Bonn 1968)
=====
[P3038] Ptolemy, of Ascalon.[[1]] Grammarian. He taught in Rome. He wrote: Homeric Prosody; On Hellenism, i.e. correct diction (15 books); On Metres; On Aristarchus' Textual Criticism of the Odyssey; On Different Diction; and other works on grammar.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Ptolemaios (79).
Bibliography:
M. Baege De Ptolemaeo Ascalonita (diss. Halle 1883)
=====
[P3125] Pytheas, of Athens.[[1]] Rhetor. He was the son of a muleteer, and very insolent. He escaped from imprisonment in Athens for a debt, and went to Macedonia; then he returned home. He wrote speeches for the assembly and the law-courts, and a number of other works. He was not ranked with the other orators, because of his insolence and unruliness. {(By 'muleteer' [mulothros] is meant someone who owns and works a mule; the verb mulothro is derived from it. Lay-people say mulonas.)}
Notes:
[[1]] RE Pytheas (3).
=====
[P3139] {Python, of Byzantium.[[1]] Rhetor. As an exile he spent time in Macedonia, and induced many people to turn traitor and become his accomplices in everything, and he used them to destroy his enemies.}
Notes:
[[1]] RE Python (4).
=====
[R119] Rheginus. Grammarian. He wrote the so-called Polymnemon.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Mentioned in Socrates HE 3.23.
=====
[R158] Rhianus.[[1]] also known as the Cretan, since he was from Bene (Bene is a city in Crete); some have reported that he was from Ceraea, others from Ithome in Messene. He was orginally the warden of the palaestra and a slave; subsequently he was educated and became a grammarian, contemporary with Eratosthenes. He wrote in verse: poems; Heraclead (in 4 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Rhianos; OCD3 Rhianus; FGrH 265.
Bibliography:
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 148-9
=====
[S11] Sabinus.[[1]] Sophist. Lived under the Caesar Hadrian. He wrote an introduction and hypotheses to declamatory material (in 4 books); commentaries on Thucydides, Acusilaus and others; and certain other exegetical works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE IA.2555, Sabinus (22a).
=====
[S60] Sallustius.[[1]] Sophist. He wrote a commentary on Demosthenes, and on Herodotus; etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Sallustius (36).
=====
[S115] Sarapion, surnamed Aelius.[[1]] Rhetor; of Alexandria. He wrote On Mistakes in Declamations; Lectures (7 books); panegyric on the emperor Hadrian; Speech in Council to the Alexandrians; Whether Plato was Right to Expel Homer from the Republic; and a host of other works. Also an Art of Rhetoric.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Suppl. 6, Sarapion (6).
=====
[S189] Secundus, of Athens.[[1]] Sophist. He was surnamed Plinius, and nicknamed 'Peg' [Epiouros], because he was the son of a carpenter. He was the instructor of Herodes the sophist.[[2]] He wrote rhetorical declamations.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Secundus (16); Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.26.
[[2]] [H545] Herodes.
=====
[S200] Seleucus, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian. He was nicknamed 'Homeric'. He was a sophist in Rome. He wrote exegetical works on pretty well every poet; On Differences between Synonyms; On Things Believed Falsely; On Proverbs of the Alexandrians; On Gods (100 books); and assorted other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Seleukos (44); OCD3 Seleucus (6); FGrH 341 + 364.
Bibliography:
M. Mueller De Seleuco Homerico (Diss. Göttingen 1891)
=====
[S201] Seleucus, of Emesa.[[1]] Grammarian. Aspalieutica in epic verse (4 books); commentary on the lyric poets; Parthica (2 books). (I have also found another Seleucus inserted; but he did not have any books.)
Notes:
[[1]] RE Seleukos (43); PLRE I Seleucus (3). FGrH 780. The identification with the correspondent of Libanius (RE Seleukos (33); PLRE I Seleucus (1); O. Seeck Die Briefe des Libanios (Leipzig 1906) 272-3) is questionable.
=====
[S213] Sellius or Sillius, also called Homer.[[1]] Grammarian before Menander.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Homeros (4) = Sellios. Identical with [O254] Homer.
[[2]] A mistake: he wrote on Menander (see [O254]).
=====
[S246] Sergius, of Zeugma;[[1]] son of Aphthonius. He was descended from advocates of the prefects (he himself was praetorian prefect) and from consuls; and he was a patrician. Funeral Speech for the sophist (his brother) Sabinus. He also wrote another book, On Behalf of the Advocates, in reply to Aristides.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Sergius (6); PLRE II Sergius (7).
=====
[S249] Serenus, also called Athenaeus, surnamed Aelius.[[1]] Grammarian. Epitome of Philo's treatise on cities and who were famous in each of them (3 books);[[2]] epitome of Philoxenus' works on Homer (1 book).[[3]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Aelius (137).
[[2]] [Ph447] Philo.
[[3]] [Ph394] Philoxenus.
=====
[S272] {Suetonius, surnamed Tranquillus.[[1]] Roman grammarian.}
Notes:
[[1]] RE Suetonius (4). See [T895] Tranquillus.
=====
[S327] Semus, of Elis.[[1]] Grammarian. He wrote Deliaca (5 books); Periodoi (2 books); On Paros (1 book); On Pergamum (1 book); On Paeans. In this book he mentions certain kinds of musical performer, as follows: autokabaloi, ithyphalloi, phallophoroi. The first, he says, used to wear a garland of ivy, and were later named iamboi. The ithyphalloi had masks of drunkards, flowery sleeves and a tunic down to the ankles. The phallophoroi likewise covered their faces with thyme and chervil, garlanded with ivy and violets.[[2]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Semos; FGrH 396. The ethnic 'of Elis' is an error for 'of Delos'.
[[2]] On this testimonium (cf. Athenaeus 14, 622a-d) see Pickard-Cambridge (1967) 134-7.
Bibliography:
A.W. Pickard-Cambridge Dithyramb, Tragedy and Comedy (ed. 2, Oxford 1967)
=====
[S328] Senones. The Celts; those known as Germans.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Cf. Polybius 2.17, 19-20. Cf. [K1307].
=====
[S329] Sihon. The king of the Amorites.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] Cf. [A1628]; [W6].
=====
[S364] Siburtius. Reader and servant of Theodectes of Phaselis.[[1]] He was the first servant to be a rhetor. He wrote Arts of Rhetoric.
Notes:
[[1]] [Th138] Theodectes.
=====
[S431] Simmias, of Rhodes.[[1]] Grammarian. He wrote Rare Words (3 books); various poems (4 books). He was from Samos originally, but in the colonisation of Amorgos the people of Samos sent him as leader. He founded Amorgos in three cities: Minoa, Aegialos, Arcesime. He lived 406 years after the Trojan War. He wrote (and according to some was the first to write) iambi; and various other works; Archaeology of Samos.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Simmias (6); OCD3 Simmias (2). But in this entry Simmias (third century BC) has been conflated with the the seventh century poet [S446] Semonides of Amorgos.
=====
[S475] Siricius,[[1]] of Neapolis in Palestine. Sophist. A pupil of Andromachus;[[2]] for a time he was a sophist in Athens. Progymnasmata and declamations.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Siricius; PLRE I Siricius.
[[2]] See [A2185] Andromachus.
Bibliography:
S. Gloeckner Quaestiones Rhetoricae (Breslauer Philologische Abhandlungen 8.2, 1901) 98-101
O. Schissel 'La definition de la {greek}stasis{/greek} par {Greek}Sirikios{/greek} Byzantion 3 (1927/9) 205-7
=====
[S655] Scopelianus,[[1]] of Clazomenae. Sophist. Lived under Nerva; he was sophist in Smyrna. He was a pupil of Nicetes,[[2]] and a contemporary of Apollonius of Tyana.[[3]] Apollonius in fact wrote letters to him.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Skopelianos; OCD3 Scopelianus; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.21.
[[2]] [N387] Nicetes.
[[3]] [A3420] Apollonius.
=====
[S799] Superianus.[[1]] Sophist. An Isaurian by birth; a member of Lachares'[[2]] school. This Superianus was rather a late learner and somewhat dull by nature; but he was so painstaking and serious-minded that, beginning when he was more than 30 years old, he read the books of the orators and (put simply) applied his mind to liberal pursuits, and compelled himself - not sparing rebukes and beatings - to learn at such an age what is demanded of everyone else in their youth, when they are still boys with pedagogues and teachers.[[3]] Superianus was often seen in the baths beaten by his own hands. And he did not fail in what he hoped for, but shortly after in gleaming and much-sung Athens he was proclaimed a sophist, and scarcely fell short of Lachares' fame. For I know that Lachares too became a sophist through diligence more than natural ability; for I have come upon his speeches, and he seems to me (judging from his style) to be very diligent, but lacking nobility of nature. I have seen an image of the man, which plainly declares what Lachares was like by nature: he was rather slow of speech, but handsome and fine in appearance; as to virtue, he deserves to be called a philosopher rather than a sophist. He was an especially pious man, and having lost his sight he regained it.
Sources: Damascius Life of Isidore fr. 140 Zintzen
Notes:
[[1]] RE Superianos; PLRE II Superianus.
[[2]] [L165] Lachares.
[[3]] The study of rhetoric normally begin in one's early- or mid-teens.Cf. [O1079] opsimathes.
=====
[S845] Sopater, of Apamea.[[1]] Sophist and philosopher. A pupil of Iamblichus.[[2]] The Caesar Constantine killed him as a pledge that he had given up the Greek religion, which had previously been his usage. He wrote On Providence, and those who have undeserved good or bad fortune. Constantine killed Sopater, but was wrong to do so: a Christian is so out of love, not coercion.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Sopatros (11); PLRE I Sopater (1); Eunapius Lives of the Sophists 462-3.
[[2]] [I27] Iamblichus.
=====
[S848] Sopater, of Apamea. Sophist. (Or rather, of Alexandria.) Epitomes of very many authors. Some say that the Selection of Histories is also his.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] See Photius Bibliotheca cod. 161.
=====
[S859] Sosibius, of Laconia.[[1]] Grammarian; one of the so-called 'Solvers'.[[2]] In these he relates this, too: that there is a kind of comedy called Dicelistae and Mimeloi. On the Mimeloi Recorded in Laconia in Antiquity; etc.[[3]]
[b] There is also another Sosibius,[[4]] a corrupt guardian of Ptolemy, a shrewd and long-lived individual, and a cause of evil in the kingdom. First he contrived the death of Lysimachus, who was son of Arsinoe; then, after many further outrages, there was a resurgence of the hatred in which most people had previously held him.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Sosibius (2); OCD3 Sosibius; FGrH 595.
[[2]] I.e. specialists in solving problems posed concerning Homer and other literary texts.
[[3]] On this testimonium (cf. Athenaeus 14, 621-f) see Pickard-Cambridge (1967) 137-44.
[[4]] RE Sosibius (3). This note is based on Polybius 15.25.
Bibliography:
A.W. Pickard-Cambridge Dithyramb, Tragedy and Comedy (ed. 2, Oxford 1967)
=====
[S875] Soteridas. Grammarian. Husband of Pamphile,[[1]] to whom he attributed the histories. He wrote Orthography; Homeric Enquiries; a commentary on Menander; On Metres; On Comedy; a commentary on Euripides.
Notes:
[[1]] See [P139] Pamphile, where the husband's name is given as Socratidas and Soteridas is the name of Pamphile's father: see [S876] Soteridas.
=====
[S876] Soteridas, of Epidaurus.[[1]] Father of Pamphile,[[2]] whose commentaries he wrote, according to Dionysius in book 30 of his Musical History. <...> (3 books).[[3]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Soteridas (1).
[[2]] See [P139] Pamphile.
[[3]] [D1171] Dionysius.
=====
[S1501] sunepneusaten [they breathed together]: they were of one mind. 'Chariton and Melanippos breathed together in love, one the lover, the other the beloved.'[[1]]
Sources: Aelian fr. 202
Notes:
[[1]] The quotation from Aelian is excerpted from [A2634] Anteros.
=====
[S1511] Synesius,[[1]] of Pentapolis in the Thebaid in Libya. Philosopher. Bishop of Ptolemais, of priestly origins. He wrote various works on grammar and philosophy; also speeches in honour of the emperor, panegyric or epideictic speeches; an encomium of baldness; also On Providence, a speech remarkable for its Greek style; and he composed very many other works of various kinds; and highly admired letters.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Synesios (1); OCD3 Synesius; PLRE II Synesius.
=====
[T495] Telephus, of Pergamum.[[1]] A grammarian; he too wrote <...>, in which he sets out how many things a grammarian must know; On the Rhetorical Figures in Homer (2 books); On the Syntax of Attic Discourse (5 books); On Rhetoric in Homer; On the Agreement of Homer and Plato; Love of Varied Learning (2 books); Lives of Tragic and Comic Dramatists; Expertise concerning Books (2 books), in which he teaches what books are worth purchasing; That Homer is the Only Ancient Author who Writes Correct Greek; Description of Pergamum; On the Temple of Augustus in Pergamum (2 books); On the Courts in Athens; On the Laws and Customs of Athens; On the Kings of Pergamum (5 books); On the Usage (i.e. names) of Clothing and Other Things We Use (alphabetically arranged); On the Wanderings of Odysseus; Easy Birth, a collection of epithets appropriate to the same object as an aid to prompt fluency of expression (10 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Telephos (2); OCD3 Telephus (2); FGrH 505.
=====
[T550] Tiberius.[[1]] Philosopher and sophist. On Types of Style (3 books); On Preparation; On Paraphrase; On History; On the Arrangement and Composition of Discourse; On the Division of Discourse; On the Transformation of Political Discourse; On Epideictic Speeches; On Informal Prefaces and Prologues; On Epicheiremes; On Demosthenes and Xenophon; On Herodotus and Thucydides.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Tiberios (2).
Bibliography:
G. Ballaira Tiberii de figuris Demosthenicis libellus cum deperditorum operum fragmentis (Bibliotheca Athena 7, Rome 1968)
=====
[T588] Timagenes,[[1]] son of the royal banker; of Alexandria. Rhetor. Some say he was Egyptian. Under Pompey the Great he was taken as a prisoner to Rome by Gabinius, and bought by Faustus, the son of Sulla. He was a sophist in Rome in the time of Pompey himself, and after him of Caesar Augustus and subsequently, at the same time as Caecilus.[[2]] Expelled from his school for being too freely spoken, he spent his time in countryside known as Tusculum. He died in Albanum, trying to vomit after dinner and choking. He wrote many books.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Timagenes (2); OCD3 Timagenes; FGrH 88.
[[2]] [K1165] Caecilius.
=====
[T590] Timagenes or Timogenes, of Miletus.[[1]] Historian and rhetor. On Heraclea in Pontus and its Men of Letters (3 books); and letters.
Notes:
[[1]] FGrH 435.
=====
[T621] Timotheus, of Gaza.[[1]] Grammarian. He lived under the emperor Anastasius, for whom he wrote a tragedy on the public levy known as the khrusarguros.[[2]] He also wrote in epic verse on four-footed animals in India, Arabia and Egypt, and the creatures of Libya, and on unusual foreign birds and snakes (4 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Timetheos (16); PLRE II Timotheus (3); FGrH 652.
[[2]] The collatio lustralis. The 'tragedy' was probably a poem or speech.
=====
[T626] Timolaus, of Larissa in Macedonia.[[1]] Rhetor. A pupil of Anaximenes of Lampsacus.[[2]] Being of a poetic inclination, he inserted a line after each line of the Iliad, and gave the composition the title Troicus: 'Sing, goddess, the anger of Peleus' son Achilles, which he conceived enraged over Chryses' daughter, and its devastation, which put pains thousandfold upon the Achaeans as they fought, when they made war on the Trojans without their lord, hurled in their multitudes to the house of Hades strong souls of men at Hector's hands, cut down by the spear.'[[3]] He also wrote a number of other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Timolaos (6).
[[2]] [A1989] Anaximenes.
[[3]] Iliad 1.1-3 (in Lattimore's translation), with Timolaus' added lines.
=====
[T835] {Tuscianus.[[1]] A very eloquent rhetor.}
Notes:
[[1]] RE Tuscianus (1); PLRE I Tuscianus (1). Cf. [A784] Acacius; [L486] Libanius.
=====
[T836] In Tusculum: in the countryside of that name. Timagenes, expelled from his school for being too freely spoken, spent his time in countryside known as Tusculum.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] See [T588] Timagenes.
=====
[T895] Tranquillus, surnamed Suetonius.[[1]] Roman grammarian. He wrote On the Pastimes of the Greeks (1 book); On the Festivals and Contests of the Romans (2 books); On the Roman Year (1 book); On Critical Signs in Books (1 book); On Cicero's Republic (1 book): this contradicts Didymus; On Proper Names <...>[[2]] the shapes of clothes, footwear and other forms of dress; On Terms of Abuse (i.e. insults, and the origin of each); On Rome and its Laws and Customs (2 books); Sungenikos; Caesars, containing their lives and successions from Julius to Domitian (8 books); Stemma of Distinguished Roman Men.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Suetonius (4); OCD3 Suetonius. Identical with [S272] Suetonius.
[[2]] I suspect that another title and the beginning of a relative clause (`in which he describes...') have been lost at this point.
=====
[T1080] Troilus.[[1]] Sophist. He taught in Constantinople. Political speeches; letters (7 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Troilos (3); PLRE II Troilus.
Bibliography:
H. Rabe Prolegomenon Sylloge (Leipzig 1931) xxxix-xliii, 44-58
=====
[T1111] Tryphiodorus, of Egypt.[[1]] Grammarian and epic poet. He wrote Marathoniaca; Capture of Troy; The Story of Hippodameia; a lipogrammatic Odyssey (this is a poem about the sufferings of Odysseus and the stories told about him); etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Triphiodoros (1).
=====
[T1112] Tryphiodorus:[[1]] he wrote various epic poems. Paraphrase of Homer's Similes; and very many other works.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Triphiodoros (2).
=====
[T1115] Tryphon,[[1]] son of Ammonius; of Alexandria. Grammarian and poet. He lived in the time of Augustus, and earlier. On Pleonasm in the Aeolic Dialect (7 books); on dialects in Homer, Simonides, Pindar, Alcman and the other lyric poets; on the dialect of the Greeks, and of Argos, Himera, Rhegium, the Dorians and Syracuse; On Analogy in the Oblique Cases (1 book); On Analogy in the Nominative; On Comparative Words (1 book); On Analogy in Monosyllables; On the Characters of Nouns (1 book); On Analogy in Barytone Words (1 book); on enclitic verbs, and infinitives, imperatives, optatives and (in brief) all the moods; On Orthography and Questions in it; on breaths, and tropes; etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Tryphon (25); OCD3 Tryphon (2).
Bibliography:
P.M. Fraser Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford 1972) 474
=====
[T1184] Tyrannio,[[1]] son of Epicratides and Lindia, an Alexandrian woman, of Amisos. He was surnamed Corymbus. He lived in the time of Pompey the Great and earlier; a pupil of (among others) Hestiaeus of Amisos,[[2]] who in fact gave him the name Tyrannio (because he ran down his fellow-pupils); previously he was called Theophrastus. Then he studied with Dionysius the Thracian in Rhodes.[[3]] As a sophist he was a rival to Demetrius of Erythrae.[[4]] He was taken to Rome, having been taken captive by Lucullus when he fought the war against Mithridates the king of Pontus. In Rome he gained distinction and wealth and purchased more than 30,000 books. He died in old age, paralysed by gout, in the 188th Olympiad, in the 3rd year of the Olympiad.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Tyrannion (2); OCD3 Tyrannio (1).
[[2]] Otherwise unattested.
[[3]] [D1172] Dionysius.
[[4]] RE Demetrios (105).
Bibliography:
J. Christes Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im Antiken Rom (Wiesbaden 1979) 27-38
W. Haas Die Fragmente der Grammatiker Tyrannion und Diokles (SGLG 3, Berlin 1977)
=====
[T1185] Tyrannio the younger;[[1]] of Phoenicia; his father was Artemidorus. A pupil of the older Tyrannio;[[2]] this is why he was named Tyrannio (previously he had been called Diocles). He too was taken prisoner, during the war between Antony and Caesar, and was bought by one Dymas, who was a freedman of Caesar. Then he was given to Terentia, Cicero's wife. He was freed by her, and was a sophist in Rome. He wrote about 65 books, including the following: On Homeric Prosody; On the Parts of Speech, in which he says that proper names are indivisible, and that appelatives can form the bases for derivatives, while participles cannot; On the Roman Dialect, that the Roman dialect is derived from Greek and not indigenous;[[3]] The Disagreement of Modern Poets with Homer; exegesis of Tyrannio's Division of the Parts of Speech; Textual Criticism of Homer; Orthography.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Tyrannion (3); OCD3 Tyrannio (2).
[[2]] [T1184] Tyrannio.
[[3]] The text is corrupt; I have translated the reconstruction in fr. 63 Haas.
Bibliography:
J. Christes Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im Antiken Rom (Wiesbaden 1979) 64-7
W. Haas Die Fragmente der Grammatiker Tyrannion und Diokles (SGLG 3, Berlin 1977)
=====
[T1189] Tyrannus.[[1]] Sophist. On Issues; On Division (10 books).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Tyrannos (2); PLRE II Tyrannus.
Bibliography:
S. Gloeckner Quaestiones Rhetoricae (Breslauer Philologische Abhandlungen 8.2, 1901) 89-90
L. Schilling Quaestiones rhetoricae selectae (= Jahrbuch für classische Philologie Suppl. 28, 1903, 663-778) 759-63
=====
[Oi6] Oeagrus.[[1]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Oiagros (1). Father of the legendary poet [O654] Orpheus, and ancestor of Homer according to the genealogy given in [O251]. See (e.g.) Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica 1.23-5; Diodorus Siculus 3.65.6. In Aelian Varia Historia 14.24 he is later than Orpheus.
=====
[U273] Hyperechius, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian; in the time of the emperor Marcianus. He wrote an Art of Grammar; On Nouns; On Verbs; and On Orthography.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Hyperechios (4); PLRE II Hyperechius.
=====
[U294] Hyperides,[[1]] son of the rhetor Glaucippus (some say of Pythocles); of Athens. Rhetor; one of the ten ranked first. He studied at the same time as Lycurgus with Plato the philosopher and Isocrates the rhetor.[[2]] He turned out an able orator, but had a weakness for women. He too was killed by Antipater the king, who had him dragged out of the temple of Demeter in Hermione by Archias (nicknamed 'Exile-hunter'); his tongue was cut out, and he died. His son Glaucippus received his remains, and placed them in the family tomb. His speeches are 56 in all.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Hypereides; OCD3 Hyperides. Identical with [U294].
[[2]] [I652] Isocrates.
=====
[U295] Hyperides,[[1]] an excellent demagogue. Although he was a friend of Demosthenes, he brought a prosecution against him in connection with Harpalus' money. He had a son, Glaucippus.
Notes:
[[1]] Identical with [U294] Hyperides.
=====
[Ph4] Favorinus,[[1]] of Arelate (the city in Gaul). A man learned in every branch of study. Physically he was androgynous (what people call a hermaphrodite); full of philosophy, but more inclined to rhetoric. He lived under the Caesar Trajan, and survived until the time of the emperor Hadrian. He had a rivalry and competition with Plutarch of Chaeronea in the limitlessness of the books he composed. These are some of the books he wrote: On Homer's Philosophy; On Socrates and his Art of Love; On Plato; On the Philosophers' Way of Life; etc. He also wrote a collection of maxims.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Favorinus, with Suppl. VI 65-70; OCD3 Favorinus; PIR2 F123; Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 1.8.
Bibliography:
L. Holford-Strevens 'Favorinus: the man of paradoxes', in J. Barnes and M. Griffin (ed.) Philosophia Togata II (Oxford 1997) 188-217
=====
[Ph152] Phaeax.[[1]] Rhetor. Aristophanes says: 'Clever man, that Phaeax; ingenious, the way he escaped death!'[[2]] He was such an eloquent orator that he escaped death when tried after being caught in the act. He is also satirised for leading young people astray: 'He's cohesive and penetrative, productive of original phrases, clear and incisive, and most excellently repressive of the vociferative. So I suppose you're give-the-fingerative to that bletherative lot'.[[3]]
Notes:
[[1]] RE Phaiax (4); OCD3 Phaeax.
[[2]] Aristophanes Knights 1377.
[[3]] Aristophanes Knights 1378-81 (tr. A.H. Sommerstein).
=====
[Ph332] Philetas, of Cos.[[1]] Son of Telephus; lived under Philip and Alexander. Grammarian and critic. He died withered through his quest for the so-called 'falsified discourse'. He was tutor of Ptolemy II. He wrote epigrams; elegies; etc.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Philetas (1); OCD3 Philitas.
Bibliography:
R. Pfeiffer A History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1968) 88-93
=====
[Ph352] Philip.[[1]] Sophist. He wrote On Breathings, drawing on the work of Herodian,[[2]] arranged alphabetically; and On Synaloephe.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Philippos (48).
[[2]] [H546] Herodian.
=====
[Ph360] Philiscus, of Miletus.[[1]] Rhetor. A pupil of the rhetor Isocrates.[[2]] Previously he was a most remarkable aulos-player; hence Isocrates used to call him 'aulos-borer'. His writings are: Milesian Speech; Amphictyonic Speech; Art of Rhetoric (in 2 books); Isocrates' Denial.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Philiskos (9); OCD3 Philiscus (1).
[[2]] [I652] Isocrates.
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[Ph394] Philoxenus, of Alexandria.[[1]] Grammarian. He was a sophist in Rome. On Monosyllabic Words; On the Critical Signs in the Iliad; On -mi Verbs; On Reduplication; On Metres; On the Syracusan Dialect; On Hellenism (6 books); On Conjugations; On Rare Words (5 books); On Rare Words in Homer; On the Laconian Dialect; On the Ionic Dialect; and so on.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Philoxenos (27); OCD3 Philoxenus (4).
Bibliography:
C. Theodoridis Die Fragmente des Grammatikers Philoxenos (SGLG 2, Berlin 1976)
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[Ph421] Philostratus,[[1]] son of Philostratus (also called Verus), the sophist from Lemnus.[[2]] He too was a second sophist. He was a sophist in Athens, then in Rome, under the emperor Severus and until Philip. He wrote declamations; Erotic Letters; Images, i.e. descriptions (4 books); Market-Place; Heroicus; informal discourses; Goats, or On the Flute; Life of Apollonius of Tyana (8 books); Lives of the Sophists (4 books); epigrams; and certain other works. (However, he should be placed first.)
Notes:
[[1]] RE Philostratos (10). The prosopography of the Philostrati is complex; for a discussion of the problems raised by this and the two following entries see Anderson (1986) 291-6, and OCD3 Philostrati.
[[2]] [Ph422] Philostratus (where he is called Philostratus son of Verus).
Bibliography:
G. Anderson Philostratus: Biography and Belles-Lettres in the Third Century AD (London 1986)
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[Ph422] Philostratus, the first; of Lemnos; son of Verus;[[1]] father of the second Philostratus.[[2]] Also himself a sophist. He was a sophist in Athens, and lived in the time of Nero. He wrote very many panegyric speeches; four Eleusinian Speeches; declamations; Questions in the Orators; Rhetorical Resources; On the Noun (this is in reply to the sophist Antipater); On Tragedy (3 books); Gymnasticus (about what is performed at Olympia); Lithognomicus; Proteus; Dog, or Sophist; Nero; Spectator; 43 tragedies; 14 comedies; and very many other works worth mentioning. {Philostratus of Lemnos wrote The Life Befitting Pythagoras, on the life of Pythagoras.}
Notes:
[[1]] RE Philostratos (9). In [Ph421] he appears as 'Philostratus also called (ho kai) Verus'. The dating to the time of Nero seems to be too early.
[[2]] See [Ph421] Philostratus.
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[Ph423] Philostratus, son of Nervianus (the nephew of the second Philostratus); of Lemnos.[[1]] Also himself a sophist. He taught in Athens, but died and was buried in Lemnos. He was a pupil and son-in-law of the second Philostratus. He wrote Images; Panathenaicus; Troicus; Paraphrase of Homer's Shield; 5 declamations. Some also attribute the Lives of the Sophists to him.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Philostratos (10). For the great-uncle and father-in-law see [Ph421] Philostratus.
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[Ph447] Philo, of Byblos.[[1]] Grammarian. He lived in the time of those near Nero, and survived a long while - at any rate, he says that Severus, surnamed Herennius,[[2]] was consul when he was 78 years old, in the 220th Olympiad. He wrote On the Purchase and Selection of Books (12 books); On Cities and the Famous People Each of them Produced (30 books); On the Reign of Hadrian (under whom Philo lived); etc. Philo was consul, surnamed Herennius, as he himself says.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Herennios (2); OCD3 Philon (5); FGrH 790.
[[2]] RE Herennius (45)
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[Ph567] Fulvia,[[1]] wife of Antony. She cut off the head of the orator Cicero,[[2]] took it on her knees and insulted it and spat on it for a long while; then finally she opened its mouth, pulled out the tongue and pierced it with her hair-pin. She addressed it at length in revolting terms, and then ordered it to be placed on the speaker's rostrum, so that she could see it where she had heard it speak against her.
Notes:
[[1]] RE Fulvia (113); OCD3 Fulvia.
[[2]] [K1594] Cicero.
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[Ph735] Fronto, of Emesa. Rhetor. Lived under the emperor Severus in Rome. In Athens he was a rival teacher to the first Philostratus[[1]] and to Apsines of Gadara.[[2]] He died in Athens, aged about 60. He made Longinus the critic,[[3]] son of his sister Frontonis, his heir. He wrote numerous speeches.
Notes:
[[1]] [Ph421] Philostratus.
[[2]] [A4735] Apsines.
[[3]] [L645] Longinus.
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[Ph764] Phrynichus,[[1]] of Bithynia. Sophist. Atticist, with Attic Vocabulary (2 books); Collection of Established Usages; Sophistic Training (47 books; others say 74).
Notes:
[[1]] RE Phrynichos (8); OCD3 Phrynichus (3).
Bibliography:
I. Avotins 'The sophist Aristocles and the grammarian Phrynichus' PP 33 (1978) 181-91
J. de Börries Phrynichi Sophistae Praeparatio Sophistica (Leipzig 1911)
E. Fischer Die Ekloge des Phrynichos (SGLG 1, Berlin 1974)